MAGAZÍN D'INVESTGACIÓ PERIODÍSTICA (iniciat el 1960 com AUCA satírica.. per M.Capdevila a classe de F.E.N.)
-VINCIT OMNIA VERITAS -
VOLTAIRE: "El temps fa justícia i posa a cadascú al seu lloc.."- "No aniràs mai a dormir..sense ampliar el teu magí"
"La història l'escriu qui guanya".. així.. "El poble que no coneix la seva història... es veurà obligat a repetir-la.."
Gallo-Romance | |
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Geographic distribution |
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Linguistic classification | Indo-European
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Early forms
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | nort3208 (Northwestern Shifted Romance) oila1234 (Oil) |
Main Gallo-Romance languages in Europe, the languages d'Oïl (with French) in green and Arpitan in blue
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Map of native European range of the expanded Gallo-Romance languages. Sometimes these groups are either classified separately or with other linguistic groups
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The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal.[1][2]9780191063251. "}}" class="mw-ref reference" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref"}">[3] However, other definitions are far broader and variously encompass the Occitan or Occitano-Romance, Gallo-Italic[4][5] or Rhaeto-Romance languages.[6]
Old Gallo-Romance was one of the two languages in which the Oaths of Strasbourg were written in 842 AD.[7][8][9]
The Gallo-Romance group includes:
Other language families often included in Gallo-Romance:
In the view of some linguists (Pierre Bec, Andreas Schorta, Heinrich Schmid, Geoffrey Hull), Rhaeto-Romance and Gallo-Italic form a single linguistic unity named "Rhaeto-Cisalpine" or "Padanian", which includes also the Venetian and Istriot languages, whose Italianate features are deemed to be superficial and secondary in nature.[14]
How far the Gallo-Romance languages spread varies a great deal depending on which languages are included in the group. Those included in its narrowest definition (the langues d'oïl and Arpitan) were historically spoken in the northern half of France, including parts of Flanders, Alsace and part of Lorraine; the Wallonia region of Belgium; the Channel Islands; parts of Switzerland; and Northern Italy.
Today, a single Gallo-Romance language (French) dominates much of the geographic region (including the formerly-non-Romance areas of France) and has also spread overseas.
At its broadest, the area also encompasses Southern France; Catalonia, the Valencian Community, and the Balearic islands in eastern Spain; Andorra; and much of Northern Italy.
The Gallo-Romance languages are generally considered the most innovative (least conservative) among the Romance languages. Northern France, the medieval area of the langue d'oïl from which modern French developed, was the epicentre. Characteristic Gallo-Romance features generally developed the earliest, appear in their most extreme manifestation in the langue d'oïl and gradually spread out from there along riverways and roads. The earliest vernacular Romance writing occurred in Northern France, as the development of vernacular writing in a given area was forced by the almost total inability of Romance speakers to understand Classical Latin, which was still the vehicle of writing and culture.
Gallo-Romance languages are usually characterised by the loss of all unstressed final vowels other than /-a/ (most significantly, final /-o/ and /-e/ were lost). However, when the loss of a final vowel would result in an impossible final cluster (e.g. /tr/), an epenthetic vowel appears in place of the lost vowel, usually /e/. Generally, the same changes also occurred in final syllables closed by a consonant. Franco-Provençal, however, generally preserves the original final vowel after a syllable-final cluster, such as quattuor "four" > quatro (compare French quatre).
Furthermore, loss of /e/ in a final syllable was early enough in Primitive Old French that the Classical Latin third-person singular /t/ was often preserved: venit "he comes" > /ˈvɛːnet/ (Romance vowel changes) > /ˈvjɛnet/ (diphthongization) > /ˈvjɛned/ (lenition) > /ˈvjɛnd/ (Gallo-Romance final vowel loss) > /ˈvjɛnt/ (final devoicing). Elsewhere, final vowel loss occurred later, or unprotected /t/ was lost earlier (perhaps under Italian influence).
Other than southern Occitano-Romance, the Gallo-Romance languages are quite innovative, with French and some of the Gallo-Italian languages rivalling each other for the most extreme phonological changes compared with more conservative languages. For example, French sain, saint, sein, ceint, seing meaning "healthy, holy, breast, (he) girds, signature" (Latin sānum, sanctum, sinum, cingit, signum) are all pronounced /sɛ̃/.
In other ways, however, the Gallo-Romance languages are conservative. The older stages of many of the languages are famous for preserving a two-case system, consisting of nominative and oblique cases, which was fully marked on nouns, adjectives and determiners; was inherited almost directly from the Latin nominative and accusative cases; and preserved a number of different declensional classes and irregular forms.
In the opposite of the normal pattern, the languages closest to the oïl epicentre preserve the case system the best, and languages at the periphery (near languages that had long before lost the case system except for pronouns) lost it early. For example, the case system was preserved in Old Occitan until around the 13th century but had already been lost in Old Catalan although there were very few other differences between them.
The Occitan group is known for an innovatory /ɡ/ ending on many subjunctive and preterite verbs and an unusual development of [ð] (Latin intervocalic -d-), which, in many varieties, merged with [dz] (from intervocalic palatalised -c- and -ty-).
The following tables show two examples of the extensive phonological changes that French has undergone. (Compare modern Italian saputo, vita, which are even more conservative than the reconstructed Western Romance forms.) [when?]
Language | Change | Form | Pronun. |
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Classical Latin | – | – | – |
Vulgar Latin[15] | Vowel length is replaced by vowel quality |
sapv̄tvm | /saˈputũ/ |
Western Romance9781134712298. "}}" class="mw-ref reference" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref"}">[16][17] | vowel changes, first lenition |
sabudo | /saˈbudo/ |
Gallo-Romance[18][19][20] | loss of final vowels | sabud | /saˈbud/ |
second lenition | savuḍ | /saˈvuð/ | |
final devoicing | savuṭ | /saˈvuθ/ | |
loss of /v/ near rounded vowel |
seüṭ | /səˈuθ/ | |
Old French | fronting of /u/ | /səˈyθ/ | |
loss of dental fricatives | seü | /səˈy/ | |
French | collapse of hiatus | su | /sy/ |
Language | Change | Form | Pronun. |
---|---|---|---|
Classical Latin | – | vītam | /ˈwiːtãː/ |
Vulgar Latin | Vowel length is replaced by vowel quality |
/ˈβitã/ | |
Western Romance | vowel changes, first lenition |
vida | /ˈvida/ |
Old French | second lenition, final /a/ lenition to /ə/ |
viḍe | /ˈviðə/ |
loss of dental fricatives | vie | /ˈviə/ | |
French | loss of final schwa | /vi/ |
These are the notable characteristics of the Gallo-Romance languages:
Gallo-Italian languages have a number of features in common with the other Italian languages:
Charles Camproux, Les langues romanes, PUF 1974. p. 77–78.
Pierre Bec, La langue occitane, éditions PUF, Paris, 1963. p. 49–50.
Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (2016-09-05). The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 292 & 319. ISBN 9780191063251.
Tamburelli, M.; Brasca, L. (June 2018). "Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. 33 (2): 442–455. doi:10.1093/llc/fqx041.
"The Dialects of Italy", edited by Martin Maiden & Mair Parry, 1997
p. 3: having "Northern Italo-Romance" including "'Gallo-Italian'"
p. 237: "... the border between Gallo-Italian and the rest of Gallo-Romance (Occitan, Franco-Provençal and French) lie ..."
G.B. Pellegrini, "Il cisalpino ed il retoromanzo, 1993". [Pages?]
« Moyen Âge : l'affirmation des langues vulgaires » in the Encyclopædia universalis.
Bernard Cerquiglini, La naissance du français, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1991, Que-sais-je ? ; éd. mise à jour, 2007.
Conference of Claude Hagège at the historical museum of Strasbourg, p. 5, (read online) Archived 2015-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (2011). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780521800723.
Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (2013-10-24). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2, Contexts. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9781316025550.
The most developed formulation of that theory is to be found in the research of Geoffrey Hull, "La lingua padanese: Corollario dell’unità dei dialetti reto-cisalpini". Etnie: Scienze politica e cultura dei popoli minoritari, 13 (1987), pp. 50–53; 14 (1988), pp. 66–70, and The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language, 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis, 2017.
(Herman 2000: 7)
Harris, Martin (1997). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–25. doi:10.4324/9780203426531. ISBN 9781134712298.
"Dialetti d'Italia - ALI Atlante Linguistico Italiano". Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
« Moyen Âge : l'affirmation des langues vulgaires » in the Encyclopædia universalis.
Bernard Cerquiglini, La naissance du français, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1991, Que-sais-je ? ; éd. mise à jour, 2007.
Conference of Claude Hagège at the historical museum of Strasbourg, p. 5, (read online) Archived 2015-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
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