https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_sensor

The Pneumercator. DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION.

By Henderson B. Gregory, Associates.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The Pneumercator was invented by Mr. Harry S. Parks, of Philadelphia, Pa., with intention of providing an apparatus that would measure the depth and volume of the contents of tanks, reservoirs, etc., with extreme accuracy and register this measurement at any convenient place at any distance from such tank or reservoir.

It was manufactured in various models to meet the requirements of its application, all of which work on the same principle and consist of essentially the same elements.

These elements are:

1. (1) A balance chamber
2. (2) A mercury gage, which is calibrated in feet and inches and the corresponding units of weight or volume;
3. (3) A pump or other means of furnishing compressed air;
4. (4) A control valve, directly attached to the mercury gage and also connected, through small piping, to the balance chamber and air pump.

Figure 1 shows a diagram arrangement of the component parts, and Figure 2 a detail of the control valve.

By placing the handle of the control valve in its various positions, connection is made exclusively,

1. (a) between the balance chamber and the air pump,
2. {b) between the balance chamber and the gage,
3. (c) the reading of the mercury gage can be returned to zero without losing the pressure

Principle of operation

The Pneumercator P-Series Tank Gauge is designed to provide remote indication of the contents of vented storage tanks containing non-corrosive liquids.

The reading is continuously provided as long as the external air compressor is operating.The system operates on an adaptation of the hydrostatic principle. An external air compressor with a clean air supply pressurizes the transmission tubing and 3/4" air bubbler pipe.
The pressure required to purge the line is equal to the back pressure of the tank liquid static head. Excess air escapes out the tank vent. The P-Gauge bellows expands in response to theback pressure exerted by the liquid head. The pointer, being linked to the bellows assembly, rotates to provide the read-out on a calibrated scale.

This gauge can only be used on vented tanks, or on tanks whose diameter and capacity compatible with those shown on the dial. For corrosive liquids, check with Pneumercator for specific requirements.


PNEUMERCATOR TANK GAUGES for Water and Fuel Oil Tanks

ABOARD ship, Pneumercator Tank Gauges afford the standard means of centralizing the gauging ofthe many fuel oil, ballast, fresh water and other tanks.The Pneumercator Tank Gauge combines in remark-able degree—Simplicity, Accuracy, Ruggedness of Construction and Convenience.

No floats, diaphragms, electric contacts or other partsrequiring attention and replacement. There are no moving parts.

Tank Gauges for Distance Indicating

The indication at a distance of the liquid cntents of tanks and other vessels is of great convenience in chemical works spetially where the
crude method of using a ripping rod is ruled 011 i on account of the risk and by thevolatility or toxic properties of the liquid.
The " Pneumercator system of Kelvin Bottomley and..

Some characteristics of the Pneumercator System

The connection of the gauge to a number or tanks involving a saving in initial costs. An interesting feature of these gauges in that with tanks of uniform cross section from "empty” to “full“ a "weight of liquid " scale on the gauge will always read the correct weight of liquid despite changes which may occurin the specific gravity of tbe liquid. A special kind of Pneumercator gauge is made for indicating the water level in steam plant hotwells, which are operated on the closed feed system; it is known as the "K.B.B. hotwell gauge".

A variety of types of Pneumercator gauge outfits are available to suit all kinds of special cases, and one may be mentioned specially
In tne ordinary steam drum gauge glass, the Pneumercator boiler gauge is placed below, or above, or at any reasonable distance from the boiler and thus in easy view of the firemen. Its important feature is that the gauge system does not carry any special indicating liquid but merelv water from the boiler: so that at any time while in service the Pneumercator boiler gauge can be drained and flushed through, thus allowing the attendant to assure himself (as in the case of the ordinary steam drum gauge glass) that all passages are clear. If special indicating liquids are used in such gauges they can not be drained and flushed through since that would eject the liquid out of the system


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