Apple II
Reference
Manual
January 1978
APPLE n
Reference Manual
January 1978
APPLE Computer Inc.
10260 Bandley Dr.
Cupertino, CA
95014
APPLE n Reference Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GETTING STARTED WITH YOUR
APPLE II 1
1. Unpacking 1
2. Warranty Registration Card 1
3. Check for Shipping Damage 2
4. Power Up 2
5. APPLE II Speaks Several Languages . 3
6. APPLE Integer BASIC 3
7. Running Your First
and Second Programs 3
8. Running 16K Startrek 3
9. Loading a Program Tape 4
10. Breakout and Color Demos Tapes . . 6
11. Breakout and Color
Demos Program Listings 12
12. How to Play Startrek 14
13. Loading HIRES Demo Tape 15
B. APPLE II INTEGER BASIC 17
1. BASIC Commands 18
2. BASIC Operators 19
3. BASIC Functions 22
4. BASIC Statements 23
5. Special Control and Editing 28
6. Table A — Graphics Colors 29
7. Special Controls and Features 30
8. BASIC Error Messages 32
9. Simplified Memory Map 33
10. Data Read/Save Subroutines 34
11. Simple Tone Subroutines 43
12. High Resolution Graphics
Subroutines and Listings 46
13. Additional BASIC Program
Examples 55
a. Rod's Color Pattern (4K) 55
b. Pong <4K) 56
c. Color Sketch (4K) 57
d. Mastermind (8K) 59
e. Biorhythm (4K) 61
f. Dragon Maze (4K) 63
C. APPLE II FIRMWARE 67
1. System Monitor Commands 68
2. Control and Editing Characters 72
3. Special Controls and Features 74
4. Annotated Monitor and
Dis-assembler Listing 76
5. Binary Floating Point Package 94
6. Sweet 16 Interpreter Listing 96
7. 6502 Op Codes 100
D. APPLE II HARDWARE 106
1. Getting Started with Your
APPLE II Board 107
2. APPLE II Switching Power Supply. 110
3. Interfacing with the Home TV 112
4. Simple Serial Output 114
5. Interfacing the APPLE —
Signals, Loading, Pin
Connections 1 22
6. Memory —
Options, Expansion, Map,
Address 133
7. System Timing 140
8. Schematics 141
GETTING STARTED WITH YOUR APPLE II
Unpacking
Don't throw away the packing material . Save it for the unlikely
event that you may need to return your Apple II for warrantee repair.
If you bought an Apple II Board only, see hardware section in this
manual on how to get started. You should have received the following!
1. Apple II system including mother printed circuit board
with specified amount of RAM memory and 8K of ROM memory,
switching power supply, keyboard, and case assembly.
2. Accessories Box including the following:
a. This manual including warranty card .
b. Pair of Game Paddles
c. A.C. Power Cord
d. Cassette tape with "Breakouf'on one side
and "Color Demos" on the other side.
e. Cassette recorder interface cable (miniature
phone jack type)
3. If you purchased a 16K or larger system, your accessory
box should also contain:
a. 16K Startrek game cassette with High Resolution
Graphics Demo ("HIRES") on the flipside.
b. Applesoft Floating Point Basic Language Cassette
with an example program on the other side.
c. Applesoft reference manual
4. In addition other items such as a vinyl carrying case
or hobby board peripherial may have been included if
specifically ordered as "extras".
Notify your dealer or Apple Computer, Inc. immediately if you are
missing any items.
Warranty Registration Card
Fill this card out immediately and completely and mail to Apple in
order to register for one year warranty and to be placed on
owners club mailing list. Your Apple IPs serial number is located
on the bottom near the rear edge. You model number is:
A2SJ0OMMX
MM is the amount of memory you purchased. For Example:
A2S0008X
is an 8K Byte Apple II system.
Check for Damage
Inspect the outside case of your Apple for shipping damage. Gently
lift up on the top rear of the lid of the case to release the lid
snaps and remove the lid. Inspect the inside. Nothing should be
loose and rattling around. Gently press down on each integrated
circuit to make sure that each is still firmly seated in its
socket. Plug in your game paddles into the Apple II board at the
socket marked "GAME I/O" at location J14. See hardware section of
this manual for additional detail. The white dot on the connector
should be face forward. Be careful as this connector is fragile.
Replace the lid and press on the back top of it to re-snap it into
place.
Power Up
First, make sure that the power ON/OFF switch on the rear power
supply panel on your Apple II is in the "OFF" position. Connect
the A.C. power cord to the Apple and to a 3 wire 120 volt A.C.
outlet. Make sure that you connect the third wire to ground if
you have only a two conductor house wiring system. This ground
is for your safety if there is an internal failure in the Apple
power supply, minimizes the chance of static damage to the Apple,
and minimizes RFI problems.
Connect a cable from the video output jack on the back of the Apple
to a TV set with a direct video input jack. This type of set is
commonly called a "Monitor". If your set does not have a direct
video input, it is possible to modify your existing set. Write for
Apple's Application note on this. Optionally you may connect the
Apple to the antenna terminals of your TV if you use a modulator.
See additional details in the hardware section of this manual under
"Interfacing with the Home TV".
Now turn on the power switch on the back of the Apple. The indicator
light (it's not a switch) on the keyboard should now be ON. If
not, check A.C. connections. Press and release the "Reset" button
on the keyboard. The following should happen: the Apple's internal
speaker should beep, an asterisk ("*") prompt character should appear
at the lower left hand corner of your TV, and a flashing white square
should appear just to the right of the asterisk. The rest of the
TV screen will be made up of radom text characters (typically question marks)
If the Apple beeps and garbage appears but you cannot see an "*" and the
cursor, the horizontal or vertical height settings on the TV need to be
adjusted. Now depress and release the "ESC" key, then hold down the
"SHIFT" key while depressing and releasing the P key. This should
clear your TV screen to all black. Now depress and release the "RESET"
key again. The "*" prompt character and the cursor should return to
the lower left of your TV screen.
Apple Speaks Several Languages
The prompt character indicates which language your Apple is currently
in. The current prompt character, an asterisk ("*"), indicates that
you are in the "Monitor" language, a powerful machine level language
for advanced programmers. Details of this language are in the
"Firmware" section of this manual.
Apple Integer BASIC
Apple also contains a high level English oriented language called
Integer BASIC, permanently in its ROM memory. To switch to this
language hold down the "CTRL" key while depressing and releasing the
"B" key. This is called a control-B function and is similiar to
the use of the shift key in that it indicates a different function
to the Apple. Control key functions are not displayed on your
TV screen but the Apple still gets the message. Now depress and
release the "RETURN" key to tell Apple that you have finished typing
a line on the keyboard. A right facing arrow (">") called a caret
will now appear as the prompt character to indicate that Apple is
now in its Interger BASIC language mode.
Running Your First and Second Program
Read through the next three sections that include:
1. Loading a BASIC program Tape
2. Breakout Game Tape
3. Color Demo Tape
Then load and run each program tape. Additional information on
Apple II's interger BASIC is in the next section of this manual.
Running 16K Startrek
If you have 16K Bytes or larger memory in your Apple, you will also
receive a "STARTREK" game tape. Load this program just as you did
the previous two, but before you "RUN" it, type in "HIMEM: 16384"
to set exactly where in memory this program is to run.
LOADING A PROGRAM TAPE
INTRODUCTION
This section describes a procedure for loading BASIC programs
successfully into the Apple II. The process of loading a program is divided
into three section; System Checkout, Loading a Tape and What to do when
you have Loading Problems. They are discussed below.
When loading a tape, the Apple II needs a signal of about 2 1/2 to 5
volts peak-to-peak. Commonly, this signal is obtained from the "Monitor"
or "earphone" output jack on the tape recorder. Inside most tape recorders,
this signal is derived from the tape recorder's speaker. One can take
advantage of this fact when setting the volume levels. Using an Apple
Computer pre-recorded tape, and with all cables disconnected, play the tape
and adjust the volume to a loud but un-distorted level. You will find that
this volume setting will be quite close to the optimum setting.
Some tape recorders (mostly those intended for use with hi-fi sets)
do not have an "earphone" or high-level "monitor" output* These machines
have outputs labeled "line output" for connection to the power amplifier.
The signal levels at these outputs are too low for the Apple II in most cases.
Cassette tape recorders in the $40 - $50 range generally have ALC
(Automatic Level Control) for recording from the microphone input. This feature
is useful since the user doesn't have to set any volume controls to obtain
a good recording. If you are using a recorder which must be adjusted, it
will have a level meter or a little light to warn of excessive recording levels.
Set the recording level to just below the level meter 1 s maximum, or to just a
dim indication on the level lamp. Listen to the recorded tape after you've
saved a program to ensure that the recording is "loud and clear".
Apple Computer has found that an occasional tape recorder will not function
properly when both Input and Output cables are plugged in at the same time.
This problem has been traced to a ground loop in the tape recorder itself which
prevents making a good recording when saving a program. The easiest solution
is to unplug the "monitor" output when recording. This ground loop does not
influence the system when loading a pre-recorded tape.
Tape recorder head alignment is the most common source of tape recorder
problems. If the playback head is skewed, then high frequency information
on pre-recorded tapes is lost and all sorts of errors will result. To confirm
that head alignment is the problem, write a short program in BASIC. >10 END
is sufficient. Then save this program. And then rewind and load the program.
If you can accomplish this easily but cannot load pre-recorded tapes, then
head alignment problems are indicated.
Apple Computer pre-recorded tapes are made on the highest quality professional
duplicating machines, and these tapes may be used by the service technician to
align the tape recorder's heads. The frequency response of the tape recorder
should be fairly good; the 6 KHz tone should be not more than 3 db down from
a 1 KHz tone, and a 9 KHz tone should be no more than 9 db down. Note that
recordings you have made yourself with mis-aligned heads may not not play
properly with the heads properly aligned. If you made a recording with a
skewed record head, then the tiny magnetic fields on the tape will be skewed as
well, thus playing back properly only when the skew on the tape exactly matches
the skew of the tape recorder's heads. If you have saved valuable programs with
a skewed tape recorder, then borrow another tape recorder, load the programs with
the old tape recorder into the Apple, then save them on the borrowed machine.
Then have your tape recorder properly aligned.
Listening to the tape can help solve other problems as well. Flaws in the
tape, excessive speed variations, and distortion can be detected this way.
Saving a program several times in a row is good insurance against tape flaws.
One thing to listen for is a good clean tone lasting for at least 3 1/2 seconds
is needed by the computer to "set up" for proper loading. The Apple puts out
this tone for anout 10 seconds when saving a program, so you normally have
6 1/2 seconds of leeway. If the playback volume is too high, you may pick up tape
noise before getting to the set-up tone. Try a lower playback volume.
SYSTEM CHECKOUT
A quick check of the Apple II computer system will help you spot any
problems that might be due to improperly placed or missing connections between
the Apple II, the cassette interface, the Video display, and the game
paddles. This checkout procedure takes just a few seconds to perform and
is a good way of insuring that everything is properly connected before the
power is turned on.
1. POWER TO APPLE - check that the AC power cord is plugged
into an appropriate wall socket, which includes a "true"
ground and is connected to the Apple II.
2. CASSETTE INTERFACE - check that at least one cassette
cable double ended with miniature phone tip jacks is
connected between the Apple II cassette Input port and
the tape recorder's MONITOR plug socket.
3. VIDEO DISPLAY INTERFACE -
a) for a video monitor - check that a cable connects
the monitor to the Apple's video output port,
b) for a standard television - check that an adapter
(RF modulator) is plugged into the Apple II (either
in the video output (K 14) or the video auxiliary
socket (J148), and that a cable runs between the
television and the Adapter's output socket.
4. GAME PADDLE INTERFACE - if paddles are to be used, check
that they are connected into the Game I/O connector (J14)
on the right-hand side of the Apple II mainboard.
5. POWER ON - flip on the power switch in back of the Apple II,
the "power" indicator on the keyboard will light. Also
make sure the video monitor (or TV set) is turned on.
After the Apple II system has been powered up and the video display
presents a random matrix of question marks or other text characters the
following procedure can be followed to load a BASIC program tape:
1. Hit the RESET key.
An asterick, "*", should appear on the lefthand side
of the screen below the random text pattern. A flashing
white cursor will appear to the right of the asterick.
2. Hold down the CTRL key, depress and release the B key,
then depress the "RETURN" key and release the "CTRL" key.
A right facing arrow should appear on the lefthand side
of the screen with a flashing cursor next to it. If it
doesn't, repeat steps 1 and 2.
3. Type in the word "LOAD" on the keyboard. You should see
the word in between the right facing arrow and the
flashing cursor. Do not depress the "RETURN" key yet .
4. Insert the program cassette into the tape recorder and
rewind it.
5. If not already set, adjust the Volume control to 50-70%
maximum. If present, adjust the Tone control to 80
maximum.
6. Start the tape recorder in "PLAY" mode and now depress
the "RETURN" key on the Apple II.
7. The cursor will disappear and Apple II will beep in a
few seconds when it finds the beginning of the program.
If an error message is flashed on the screen, proceed
through the steps listed in the Tape Problem section
of this paper.
8. A second beep will sound and the flashing cursor will
reappear after the program has been successfully loaded
into the computer.
9. Stop the tape recorder. You may want to rewind the program
tape at this time.
10. Type in the word "RUN" and depress the "RETURN" key.
The steps in loading a program have been completed and if everying has
gone satisfactorily the program will be operating now.
LOADING PROBLEMS
Occasionally, while attempting to load a BASIC program Apple II
beeps and a memory full error is written on the screen. At this time
you might wonder what is wrong with the computer, with the program tape,
or with the cassette recorder. Stop. This is the time when you need
to take a moment and checkout the system rather than haphazardly attempt-
ing to resolve the loading problem. Thoughtful action taken here will
speed in a program's entry. If you were able to successfully turn on the
computer, reset it, and place it into BASIC then the Apple II is probably
operating correctly. Before describing a procedure for resolving this
loading problem, a discussion of what a memory full error is in order.
The memory full error displayed upon loading a program indicates that
not enough (RAM) memory workspace is available to contain the incoming data.
How does the computer know this? Information contained in the beginning of
the program tape declares the record length of the program. The computer
reads this data first and checks it with the amount of free memory. If
adequate workspace is available program loading continues. If not, the
computer beeps to indicate a problem, displays a memory full error statement
stops the loading procedure, and returns command of the system to the key-
board. Several reasons emerge as the cause of this problem.
Memory Size too Small
Attempting to load a 16K program into a 4K Apple II will generate this
kind of error message. It is called loading too large of a program. The
solution is straight forward: only load appropriately sized programs into
suitably sized systems.
Another possible reason for an error message is that the memory pointers
which indicate the bounds of available memory have been preset to a smaller
capacity. This could have happened through previous usage of the "HIMEN:"
and "LOMEN:" statements. The solution is to reset the pointers by B c (CTRL B)
command. Hold the CTRL key down, depress and release the B key, then depress
the RETURN key and release the CTRL key. This will reset the system to max-
imum capacity.
Cassette Recorder Inadjustment
If the Volume and Tone controls on the cassette recorder are not
properly set a memory full error can occur. The solution is to adjust
the Volume to 50-70% maximum and the Tone (if it exists) to 80-100%
maximum.*
A second common recorder problem is skewed head azimuth. When
the tape head is not exactly perpendicular to the edges of the magnetic
tape some of the high frequency data on tape can be skipped. This causes
missing bits in the data sent to the computer. Since the first data read
is record length an error here could cause a memory full error to be
generated because the length of the record is inaccurate. The solution:
adjust tape head azimuth. It is recommended that a competent technician
at a local stereo shop perform this operation.
Often times new cassette recorders will not need this adjustment.
*Apple Computer Inc. has tested many types of cassette recorders and so far
the Panasonic RQ-309 DS (less than $40.00) has an excellent track record
for program loading.
8
Tape Problems
A memory full error can result from unintentional noise existing in
a program tape. This can be the result of a program tape starting on its
header which sometimes causes a glitch going from a nonmagnetic to magnetic
recording surface and is interpreted by the computer as the record length.
Or, the program tape can be defective due to false erasure, imperfections
in the tape, or physical damage. The solution is to take a moment and
listen to the tape. If any imperfections are heard then replacement of the
tape is called for. Listening to the tape assures that you know what a
"good" program tape sounds like. If you have any questions about this please
contact your local dealer or Apple for assistance.
If noise or a glitch is heard at the beginning of a tape advance the
tape to the start of the program and re-Load the tape.
Dealing with the Loading Problem
With the understanding of what a memory full error is an efficient way
of dealing with program tape loading problems is to perform the following
procedure:
1. Check the program tape for its memory requirements.
Be sure that you have a large enough system.
2. Before loading a program reset the memory pointers
with the B c (control B) command.
3. In special cases have the tape head azimuth
checked and adjusted.
4. Check the program tape by listening to it.
a) Replace it if it is defective, or
b) start it at the beginning of the program.
5. Then re-LOAD the program tape into the Apple II.
In most cases if the preceeding is followed a good tape load will result.
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
If you are having any unsolved loading problems, contact your
nearest local dealer or Apple Computer Inc.
BREAKOUT GAME TAPE
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
Breakout is a color graphics game for the Apple II computer. The object of
the game is to "knock-out* all 160 colored bricks from the playing field by
hitting them with the bouncing ball. You direct the ball by hitting it with
a paddle on the left side of the screen. You control the paddle with one of
the Apple's Game Paddle controllers. But watch out: you can only miss the
ball five times!
There are eight columns of bricks. As you penetrate through the wall the
point value of the bricks increases. A perfect game is 72(1 points; after
five balls have been played the computer will display your score and a
rating such as "Very Good". N Terrible'. etc. After ten hits of the ball,
its speed with double, making the game more difficult. If you break through
to the back wall, the ball will rebound back and forth, racking up points.
Breakout is a challenging game that tests your concentration, dexterity,
and skill .
REQUIREMENTS
This program will fit into a 4K or greater system.
BASIC is the programming language used.
PLAYING BREAKOUT
1. Load Breakout game following instructions in the "Loading
a BASIC Program from Tape" section of this manual.
2. Enter your name and depress RETURN key.
3. If you want standard BREAKOUT colors type in Y or Yes
and hit RETURN. The game will then begin.
4. If the answer to the previous questions was N or No
then the available colors will be displayed. The
player will be asked to choose colors, represented by a
number from to 15, for background, even bricks, odd
bricks, paddle and ball colors. After these have been
chosen the game will begin.
10
At the end of the game you will be asked if they
want to play again. A Y or Yes response will start
another game. A N or No will exit from the program
NOTE: A game paddle (150k ohm potentiometer) must be connected
to PDL (0) of the Game I/O connector for this game.
COLOR DEMO TAPE
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
COLOR DEMO demonstrates some of the Apple II video graphics
capabilities. In it are ten examples: Lines, Cross, Weaving,
Tunnel, Circle, Spiral, Tones, Spring, Hyperbola, and Color Bars.
These examples produce various combinations of visual patterns
in fifteen colors on a monitor or television screen. For example,
Spiral combines colorgraphics with tones to produce some amusing
patterns. Tones illustrates various sounds that you can produce
with the two inch Apple speaker. These examples also demonstrate
how the paddle inputs (PDL(X)) can be used to control the audio
and visual displays. Ideas from this program can be incorporated
into other programs with a little modification.
REQUIREMENTS
4K or greater Apple II system, color monitor or television,
and paddles are needed to use this program. BASIC is the pro-
gramming language used.
11
BREAKOUT GAME
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12
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13
APPLE II STARTREK VERSION
THIS IS A SHORT DESCRIPTION OK HOW TO PLAY STARTREK ON THE
APPLE COMPUTER.
THE UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF 64 QUADRANTS IN AN 8 BY 8 MATRIX.
THE QUADRANT IN WHICH YOU 'THE ENTERPRISE â– ARE* IS IN WHITEr
AND A BLOW UP OF THAT QUADRANT IS FOUND IN THE LOWER LEFT
CORNER. YOUR SPACE SHIP STATUS IS FOUND IN A TABLE TO
THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE QUADRANT BLOW UP.
THIS IS A SEARCH AND DESTROY MISSION. THE OBJECT IS TO LONG-RANGE
SENSE FOR INFORMATION AS TO WHERE KLINGONS <K> ARE r MOVE TO THAT QUADRANT,
AND DESTROY.
NUMBERS DISPLAYED FOR EACH QUADRANT DENOTE t
* OF STARS IN THE ONES PLACE
* OF BASES IN THE TENS PLACE
* OF KLINGONS IN THE HUNDREDS PLACE
AT ANY TIME DURING THE GAME r FOR INSTANCE BEFORE ONE TOTALLY
RUNS OUT OF ENERGY, OR NEEDS TO REGENERATE ALL SYSTEMS, ONE MOVES TO A
QUADRANT WHICH INCLUDES A BASE, IONS NEXT TO THAT BASE (B) AT WHICH TIME
THE BASE SELF-DESTRUCTS AND THE ENTERPRISE (E) HAS ALL SYSTEMS "GO'
AGAIN.
TO play:
1* THE COMMANDS CAN BE OBTAINED BY TYPING
THEY ARE!
(ZERO) AND RETURN.
REGENERATE
PHASERS
GALAXY RECORD
PROBE
PROPULSION
LONG RANGE SENSORS
PHOTON TORPEDOES
COMPUTER
SHIELD ENERGY
11. LOAD PHOTON TORPEDOES
THE COMANDS ARE INVOKED BY TYPING THE NUMBER REFERING TO THEM
FOLLOWED BY A 'RETURN".
A. IF RESPONSE IS 1 THE COMPUTER
EXPECTS »W IF ONE WANTS
BETWEEN QUADRANTS AND AN
INTERNAL QUADRANT TRAVEL-
DURATION OR WARP FACTOR IS THE NUMBER OF SPACES OR
QUADRANTS THE ENTERPRISE WILL MOVE.
COURSE IS COMPASS READING IN DEGREES FOR THE DESI-
RED DESTINATION.
B. A 2 REGENERATES THE ENERGY AT THE EXPENSE OF TIME.
C. A 3 GIVES THE CONTENTS OF THE IMMEDIATE ADJACENT QUADRANTS.
THE GALAXY IS WRAP-AROUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
B. 4 FIRES PHASERS AT THE EXPENSE OF AVAILABLE ENERGY.
10. DAMAGE REPORT
WILL ASK WARP OR
TO TRAVEL IN THE
ION AND
GALAXY
IF ONE WANTS ONLY
F. 6
G.
H.
E. 5 INITIATES A SET OF QUESTIONS FOR TORPEDO FIRING.
THEY CAN BE FIRED AUTOMATICALLY IF THEY HAVE
BEEN LOCKED ON TARGET WHILE IN THE COMPUTER
MODE, OR MAY BE FIRED MANUALLY IF THE TRAGECTORY ANGLE
IS KNOWN.
8 AND 10 ALL GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THE STATUS OF THE' SHIP
AND ITS ENVIRONMENT.
9 SETS THE SHIELD ENERGY/AVAILABLE ENERGY RATIO.
11 ASKS FOR INFORMATION ON LOADING AND UNLOADING OF
PHOTON TORPEDOES AT THE ESPENSE OF AVAILABLE ENERGY.
THE ANSWER SHOULD BE A SIGNED NUMBER. FOR EXAMPLE
+5 OR -2.
I. 7 ENTERS A COMPUTER WHICH WILL RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. COMPUTE COURSE
3. LOCK PHOTON TORPEDOES
4. LOCK COURSE 5,
6. STATUS 7,
IN THE FIRST FIVE ONE WILL HAVE TO GIVE COORDINATES.
COORDINATES ARE GIVEN IN MATHMATICAL NOTATION WITH
THE EXCEPTION THAT THE "Y' VALUE IS GIVEN FIRST.
AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE "YrX'
2, LOCK PHASERS
COMPUTE TREJECTORY
RETURN TO COMAND MODE
COURSE OR trajectory;
270-
90
180
THIS EXPLANATION WAS WRITTEN BY ELWOOD
WOT RESPONSIBLE FOR
ERRORS
14
LOADING THE HI-RES DEMO TAPE
PROCEDURE
1. Power up system - turn the AC power switch in the back
of the Apple II on. You should see a random matrix of
question marks and other text characters. If you don't,
consult the operator's manual for system checkout pro-
cedures.
2. Hit the RESET key. On the left hand side of the screen
you should see an asterisk and a flashing cursor next to
it below the text matrix.
3. Insert the HI-RES demo tape into the cassette and rewind
it. Check Volume (50-70%) and Tone (8p-lpp%) settings.
4. Type in "C00.FFFR" on the Apple II keyboard. This is the
address range of the high resolution machine language sub-
program. It extends from $C00 to $FFF. The R tells the
computer to read in the data. Do not depress the "RETURN"
key yet.
5. Start the tape recorder in playback mode and depress the
"RETURN" key. The flashing cursor disappears.
6. A beep will sound after the program has been read in.
STOP the tape recorder. Do not rewind the program tape yet
7. Hold down the "CTRL" key, depress and release the B key,
then depress the "RETURN" key and release the "CTRL" key.
You should see a right facing arrow and a flashing cursor.
The B c command places the Apple into BASIC initializing
the memory pointers.
8. Type in "LOAD", restart the tape recorder in playback mode
and hit the "RETURN" key. The flashing cursor disappears.
This begins the loading of the BASIC subprogram of the
HI -RES demo tape.
9. A beep will sound to indicate the program is being loaded.
15
10. A second beep will sound, and the right facing arrow
will reappear with the flashing cursor. STOP the
tape recorder. Rewind the tape.
11. Type in "HIMEM:8192" and hit the "RETURN" key. This
sets up memory for high resolution graphics.
12. Type in "RUN" and hit the "RETURN" key. The screen
should clear and momentarily a HI -RES demo menu table
should appear. The loading sequence is now completed
SUMMARY OF HI-RES DEMO TAPE LOADING
1 . RESET
2. Type in C00.FFFR
3. Start tape recorder, hit RETURN
4. Asterick or flashing cursor reappear
B c (CTRL B) into BASIC
5. Type in "LOAD", hit RETURN
6. BASIC prompt (7) and flashing cursor
reappear. Type in "HIMEN:8192" , hit
RETURN
7. Type in "RUN", hit RETURN
8. STOP tape recorder, rewind tape.
16
APPLE II INTEGER BASIC
1. BASIC Commands
2. BASIC Operators
3. BASIC Functions
4. BASIC Statements
5. Special Control and Editing
6. Table A — Graphics Colors
7. Special Controls and Features
8. BASIC Error Messages
9. Simplified Memory Map
10. Data Read/Save Subroutines
11. Simple Tone Subroutines
12. High Resolution Graphics
13. Additional BASIC Program Examples
BASIC COMMANDS
Commands are executed immediately; they do not require line numbers. Most Statements
(see Basic Statements Section) may also be used as commands. Remember to press
Return key after each command so that Apple knows that you have finished that
line. Multiple commands (as opposed to statements) on same line separated by
a M : " are NOT allowed.
COMMAND NAME
AUTO num
AUTO
numl,
> num2
CLR
CON
â–
DEL
numl
DEL
numl,
num2
DSP
var
HIMEM
expr
GOTO expr
GR
Sets automatic line numbering mode. Starts at line
number num and increments line numbers by 10. To
exit AUTO mode, type a control X*, then type the
letters "MAN" and press the return key.
Same as above execpt increments line numbers by
number num2«
Clears current BASIC variables; undimensions arrays.
Program is unchanged.
Continues program execution after a stop from a
control C*. Does not change variables.
Deletes line number numl.
Deletes program from line numbemuml through line
number num2.
Sets debug mode that will display variable var every-
time that it is changed along with the line number
that caused the change. (NOTE: RUN command clears
DSP mode so that DSP command is effective only if
program is continued by a CON or GOTO command.)
Sets highest memory location for use by BASIC at
location specified by expression exp^in decimal .
HIMEM: may not be increased without destroying program.
HIMEM: is automatically set at maximum RAM memory when
BASIC is entered by a control B*.
Causes immediate jump to line number specified by
expression expr.
Sets mixed color graphics display mode. Clears screen
to black. Resets scrolling window. Displays 40x40
squares in 15 colors on top of screen and 4 lines of text
at bottom.
LIST
LIST numl
LIST numl, num2
Lists entire program on screen.
Lists program line number numl.
Lists program line numberm^ through line number
num2.
18
LOAD expr,
LOMEM : expv
MAN
NEW
NO DSP var
NO TRACE
RUN
RUN expv
SAVE
TEXT
TRACE
Reads (Loads) a BASIC program from cassette tape.
Start tape recorder before hitting return key. Two
beeps and a " > M indicate a good load, "ERR" or "MEM"
FULL ERR" message indicates a bad tape or poor recorder
performance.
Similar to HIMEM: except sets lowest memory location
available to BASIC. Automatically set at 2048 when
BASIC is entered with a control B*. Moving LOMEM:
destroys current variable values.
Clears AUTO line numbering mode to all manual line
numbering after a control C* or control X*.
Clears (Scratches) current BASIC program.
Clears DSP mode for variablet?ar>.
Clears TRACE mode.
Clears variables to zero, undimensions all arrays and
executes program starting at lowest statement line
number.
Clears variables and executes program starting at line
number specified by expression expr.
Stores (saves) a BASIC program on a cassette tape.
Start tape recorder in record mode prior to hitting
return key.
Sets all text mode. Screen is formated to display
alpha-numeric characters on 24 lines of 40 characters
each. TEXT resets scrolling window to maximum.
Sets debug mode that displays line number of each
statement as it is executed.
Control characters such as control X or control C are
typed by holding down the CTRL key while typing the
specified letter. This is similiar to how one holds
down the shift key to type capital letters. Control
characters are NOT displayed on the screen but are
accepted by the computer. For example, type several
control G's. We will also use a superscript C to indicate
a control character as in X c .
19
BASIC Operators
Symbol Sample Statement
Prefix Operators
( ) 10 X= 4*(5 + X)
+ 20 X= 1+4*5
30 ALPHA =
-(BETA +2)
NOT 40 IF A NOT B THEN
200
Explanation
Expressions within parenthesis ( )
are always evaluated first.
Optional; +1 times following expression
Negation of following expression.
Logical Negation of following expression;
if expression is true (non-zero), 1
if expression is false (zero).
Arithmetic Operators
+ 66 Y = X+3
7J0 LET D0TS=A*B*N2
Exponentiate as in X'
shifted letter N.
NOTE
+ is
Multiplication. NOTE: Implied multi-
plication such as (2 + 3) (4) is not
allowed thus N2 in example is a variable
not N * 2.
/
80 PRINT GAMMA/S
Divide
MOD
90 X = 12 MOD 7
100 X = X M0D(Y+2)
Modulo:
first exp
+
110 P = L + G
Add
_
120 XY4 = H-D
Substract
130 HEIGHT=15
140 LET SIZE=7*5
150 A(8) = 2
155 ALPHA$ = "PLEASE"
Modulo: Remainder after division of
first expression by second expression
Assignment operator; assigns a value to
a variable. LET is optional
20
Relational and Logical Operators
The numeric values used in logical evaluation are "true" if non-zero,
"false" if zero.
Symbol Sample Statement
Explanation
16? IF D = E
THEN 500
Expression "equals" expression
17? IF A$(l,l)
"Y" THEN 500
# or < >
180 IF ALPHA #X*Y
THEN 500
#
190 IF A$ # "NO"
THEN 500
>
200 IF A>B
THEN GO TO 50
<
210 IF A+l<B-5
THEN 100
>=
220 IF A>=B
THEN 100
<=
230 IF A+l<=B-6
THEN 200
AND
240 IF A>B AND
C<D THEN 200
OR
250 IF ALPHA OR
BETA+1 THEN 200
String variable "equals?' string variable
Expression "does not equal" expression.
String variable "does not equal" string
variable. NOTE: If strings are not
the same length, they are considered
un-equal . < > not allowed with strings
Expression "is greater than" expression
Expression "is less than" expression.
Expression "is greater than or equal to"
expression.
Expression "is less than or equal to"
expression.
Expression 1 "and" expression 2 must
both be "true" for statements to be true
If either expression 1 or expression 2
is "true", statement is "true".
21
BASIC FUNCTIONS
Functions return a numeric result. They may be used as expressions or as part
of expressions. PRINT is used for examples only* other statements may
be used. Expressions following function name must be enclosed between two
parenthesis signs.
FUNCTION NAME
ABS (expr) 300 PRINT ABS(X)
ASC (str$) 31Qf PRINT ASC("BACK M )
320 PRINT ASC(B$)
330 PRINT ASC(B$(4,4))
335 PRINT ASC(B$(Y))
LEN (str$) 340 PRINT LEN(B$)
PDL (expr) 350 print PDL(X)
PEEK (expr) 360 PRINT PEEK(X)
RND (expr) 370 PRINT RND(X)
Gives absolute value of the expression expr.
Gives decimal ASCII value of designated
string variable str$ . If more than one
character is in designated string or
sub-string, it gives decimal ASCII
value of first character,
Gives current length of designated
string variable etr$i.e. 9 number of
characters.
Gives number between and 255 corres-
ponding to paddle position on game paddle
number designated by expression expr and must
be legal paddle (0,1,2, or 3) or else 255 is
returned.
Gives the decimal value of number stored
of decimal memory location specified by
expression expr. For MEMORY locations
above 32676, use negative number; i.e.,
HEX location FFFGf is -16
Gives random number between and
(expression expr -1) if expression expr
is positive; if minus, it gives random
number between and (expression expr +1).
Sm(exprl, 380 PRINT SCRN (XI, Yl) Gives color (number between and 15) of
expr2) screen at horizontal location designated
by expression exprl and vertical
location designated by expression expr2
Range of expression exprl is to 39. Range
of expression expr2 is to 39 if in standan
mixed colorgraphics display mode as set by
GR command or p to 47 if in all color mode
set by POKE -163J04 ,jD: POKE - 16302,0.
SGN (expr) 39/) PRINT SGN(X)
Gives siqn (not sine) of expression expr
i.e., -1 if expression expr is negative, zero
zero and +1 if expr is positive.
22
BASIC STATEMENTS
Each BASIC statement must have a
names must start with an alpha c
numeric characters up to iffl.
of the following words: AND, AT,
not begin with the letters END,
with a $ (dollar sign). Multipl
if separated by a : (colon) as 1
(including spaces) is less than
Most statements may also be used
by RUN or GOTO commands.
line number between and 32767. Variable
haracter and may be any number of alpha-
Variable names may not contain buried any
MOD, OR, STEP, or THEN. Variable names may
LET, or REM. String variables names must end
e statements may appear under the same line number
ong as the total number of characters in the line
approximately 150 characters
as commands. BASIC statements are executed
NAME
CALL expv
10 CALL-936
C0L0R=5xpr
30 C0L0R=12
DIM vavl (expvl)
stv$ (expv2)
Vav2 (expv 3)
DSP
VOV
50 DIM A(20),B(10)
60 DIM B$(30)
70 DIM C (Z)
Illeqal:
80 DIM A(30)
Leqal :
85 DIM C(1000)
Leqal :
90 DSP AX: DSP L
Illeqal:
100 DSP AX,B
102 DSP AB$
104 DSP A(5)
Legal :
105 A=A(5): DSP A
Causes execution of a machine level
language subroutine at decimal memory
location specified by expression expv
Locations above 32767 are specified using
negative numbers; i.e., location in
example 10 is hexidecimal number $FC53
In standard resolution color (GR)
graphics mode, this command sets screen
TV color to value in expression expv
in the range to 15 as described in
Table A. Actually expression expv may be
in the range to 255 without error message
since it is implemented as if it were
expression expv MOD 16.
The DIM statement causes APPLE II to
reserve memory for the specified variables.
For number arrays APPLE reserves
approximately 2 times expv bytes of memory
limited by available memory. For string
arrays -stv$-(expv) must be in the range of
1 to 255. Last defined variable may be
redimensioned at any time; thus, example
in line is illegal but 85 is allowed.
Sets debug mode that DSP variable vav each
time it changes and the line number where the
change occured.
23
NAME
END
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
110 END Stops program execution. Sends carriage
return and "> " BASIC prompt) to screen.
Begins FOR... NEXT loop, initializes
variable var to value of expression exprl
then increments it by amount in expression
expr 3 each time the corresponding "NEXT"
statement is encountered, until value of
expression expr 2}$ reached. If STEP exprZ
is omitted, a STEP of +1 is assumed. Negative
numbers are allowed.
FOR var= 110 FOR L=0 to 39
exprl J0expr2 120 FOR X=Y1 TO Y3
S7tPexpr3 130 FOR 1=39 TO 1
150 GOSUB 100 *J2
GOSUB
expr
140 GOSUB 500
GOTO expr
GR
160 GOTO 200
170 GOTO ALPHA+100
180 GR
190 GR
POKE -16302,0
HLIN exprl >
expr2Mexpr3
Note
Causes branch to BASIC subroutine starting
at legal line number specified by expression
expr Subroutines may be nested up to
16 levels.
Causes immediate jump to legal line
number specified by expression expr.
Sets mixed standard resolution color
graphics mode. Initializes COLOR =
(Black) for top 40x40 of screen and sets
scrolling window to lines 21 through 24
by 40 characters for four lines of text
at bottom of screen. Example 190 sets
all color mode (40x48 field) with no text
at bottom of screen.
In standard resolution color graphics mode,
this command draws a horizontal line of a
predefined color (set by C0L0R=) starting
at horizontal position defined by expression
exprl and ending at position expr2 at
vertical position defined by expression
exprd .exprl ar)dexpr2 must be in the range
of to 39 and exprl < = expr2 • exprZ
be in the range of to 39 (or to 47 if not
in mixed mode).
HLIN 0, 19 AT is a horizontal line at the top of the screen
extending from left corner to center of screen and HLIN 20,39 AT
39 is a horizontal line at the bottom of the screen extending from
center to right corner.
200 HLIN 0,39 AT 20
210 HLIN Z,Z+6 AT I
24
IF_ expression 220 IF A> B THEN
THEN statement PRINT A
230 IF X=0 THEN C=l
240 IF A#10 THEN
GOSUB 200
250 IF A$(l,l)# "Y"
THEN 100
Illegal:
260 IF L> 5 THEN 50:
ELSE 60
Legal :
270 IF L> 5 THEN 50
GO TO 60
If expression is true (non-zero) then
execute statement-, if false do not
execute statement I f statement
is an expression, then a GOTO expr
type of statement is assumed to be implied.
The "ELSE 11 in example 260 is illegal but
may be implemented as shown in example 270.
INPUT varU 280 INPUT X,Y,Z(3)
var2 3 str$ 290 INPUT "AMT",
DLLR
300 INPUT "Y or N? A$
IN# expr
310 IN# 6
320 IN# Y+2
330 IN#
LET
340 LET X=5
LIST nurnl, 350 IF X > 6 THEN
num2 LIST 50
NEXT varl 3 360 NEXT I
var2 370 NEXT J,K
Enters data into memory from I/O
device. If number input is expected,
APPLE wil output "?"; if string inout is
expected no "?" will be outputed. Multiple
numeric inputs to same statement may be
separated by a comma or a carriage return.
String inputs must be separated by a
carriage return only. One pair of " " may
be used immediately after INPUT to output
prompting text enclosed within the quotation
marks to the screen.
Transfers source of data for subsequent
INPUT statements to peripheral I/O slot
(1-7) as specified as by expression expr.
Slot is not addressable from BASIC.
IN#0 (Example 330) is used to return data
source from peripheral I/O to keyboard
connector.
Assignment operator. "LET" is optional
Causes program from line number nvml
through line number num2 to be displayed
on screen.
Increments corresponding "FOR" variable
and loops back to statement following
"FOR" until variable exceeds limit.
NO DSP var 380 NO DSP I
NO TRACE 390 NO TRACE
Turns-off DSP debug mode for variable
Turns-off TRACE debug mode
25
PLOT expvl,
expv2 400 PLOT 15, 25
400 PLT XV, YV
POKE expvl , expr2
420 POKE 20, 40
430 POKE 7*256,
XM0D255
POP
440 POP
In standard resolution color
graphics, this command plots a small
square of a predefined color (set
by C0L0R=) at horizontal location
specified by expression expvl in
range to 39 and vertical location
specified by express i on expr 2 in range
to 39 (or to 47 if in all graphics
mode) NOTE: PLOT is upper left
and PLOT 39, 39 (or PLOT 39, 47) is
lower right corner.
Stores decimal number defined by
expression expv2 in range of
255 at decimal memory location
specified by expression expvl
Locations above 32767 are specified
by negative numbers.
"POPS" nested GOSUB return stack
address by one.
PRINT varl> vav 3 stv$
i i
REM
£ expr
RETURN
450 PRINT LI
460 PRINT LI, X2
470 PRINT "AMT= M ;DX
480 PRINT A$;B$;
490 PRINT
492 PRINT "HELLO"
494 PRINT 2+3
500 PR# 7
510 REM REMARK
520 RETURN
530 IFX= 5 THEN
RETURN
Outputs data specified by variable
vav or string variable stv$ starting
at current cursor location. If there
is not trailing \" or ";" (Ex 450)
a carriage return will be generated.
Commas (Ex. 460) outputs data in 5
left justified columns. Semi-colon
(Ex. 470) inhibits print of any spaces
Text imbedded in " " will be printed
and may appear multiple times.
Like IN#, transfers output to I/O
slot defined by expression expr
is video output not I/O slot 0.
PR#
No action. All characters after REM
are treated as a remark until terminated
by a carriage return.
Causes branch to statement following
last GOSUB; i.e., RETURN ends a
subroutine. Do not confuse "RETURN"
statement with Return ke^ on keyboard.
26
TAB expr
530 TAB 24
540 TAB 1+24
550 IF A#B THEN
TAB 20
TEXT
550 TEXT
560 TEXT
CALL-936
Moves cursor to absolute horizontal
position specified by expression
expr in the range of 1 to 40. Position
is left to right
Sets all text mode. Resets
scrolling window to 24 lines by 40
characters. Example 560 also clears
screen and homes cursor to upper left
corner
TRACE
570 TRACE
580 IFN> 32000
THEN TRACE
Sets debug mode that displays each
line number as it is executed.
VLIN exprl 3 expr 2
AT expr 3
VTAB expr
590 VLIN 0, 39AT15
600 VLIN Z,Z+6ATY
610 VTAB 18
620 VTAB Z+2
Similar to HLIN except draws vertical
line starting at exprl and ending at
expr2 at horizontal position expr3.
Similar to TAB. Moves cursor to
absolute vertical position specified
by expression expr in the range 1 to
24. VTAB 1 is top line on screen;
VTAB24 is bottom.
27
SPECIAL CONTROL AND EDITING CHARACTERS
"Control" characters are indicated by a super-scripted "C" such as G . They
are obtained by holding down the CTRL key while typing the specified letter.
Control characters are NOT disolaved on the TV screen. B and C must be
followed by a carriage return. Screen editing characters are indicated by a
sub-scripted "E" such as D^. They are obtained by pressing and releasing the
ESC key then typing specified letter. Edit characters send information only
to display screen and does not send data to memory. For example, U c moves to
cursor to right and copies text while &£ moves cursor to right but does not
copy text.
CHARACTER
RESET key
DESCRIPTION OF ACTION
Immediately interrupts any program execution and resets
computer. Also sets all text mode with scrolling window
at maximum. Control is transfered to System Monitor and
Apple prompts with a "*" (asterisk) and a bell. Hitting
RESET key does NOT destroy existing BASIC or machine
language program.
Control B
If in System Monitor (as indicated by a "*"), a control
B and a carriage return will transfer control to BASIC,
scratching (killing) any existing BASIC program and set
HIMEM: to maximum installed user memory and LOMEM:
to 2048.
Control C
If in BASIC, halts program and displays line number
where stop occurred*. Program may be continued with a
CON command. If in System Monitor, (as indicated by "*")
control C and a carraige return will enter BASIC without
killing current program.
Control G
Control H
Control J
Control V
Sounds bell (beeps speaker)
Backspaces cursor and deletes any overwritten characters
from computer but not from screen. Apply supplied
keyboards have special key "«-" on right side of keyboard
that provides this functions without using control button
Issues line feed only
r
Compliment to H . Forward spaces cursor and copies over
written characters. Apple keyboards have "+" key on
right side which also performs this function.
Control X
Immediately deletes current line
* If BASIC program is expecting keyboard input, you will have
to hit carriage return key after typing control C.
28
CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION OF ACTION
Move cursor to right
Move cursor to left
Move cursor down
Move cursor up
Clear text from cursor to end of line
Clear text from cursor to end of page
Home cursor to top of page, clear text to end
of page.
Table A: APPLE II COLORS AS SET BY COLOR =
Note: Colors may vary depending on TV tint (hue) setting and may also
be changed by adjusting trimmer capacitor C3 on APPLE II P.C. Board
Of = Black
1 - Magenta
2 = Dark Blue
3 = Light Purple
4 = Dark Green
5 = Grey
6 = Medium Blue
7 = Light Blue
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Brown
Orange
Grey
Pink
Green
Yellow
Blue/Green
White
29
Special Controls and Features
Hex
BASIC Example
Display 1
fade Controls
C05O
C051
C052
C053
C054
10 POKE -16304,0
20 POKE -16303,0
30 POKE -16302,0
40 POKE -16301,0
50 POKE -16300,0
C055
C056
C057
60 POKE -16299,0
70 POKE -16298,0
80 POKE -16297,0
TEXT Mode Controls
0020
90 POKE 32, LI
0021
100 POKE 33, Wl
0022
110 POKE 34, Tl
0023
120 POKE 35, Bl
0024
130 CH=PEEK(36)
140 POKE 36, CH
150 TAB(CH+1)
0025
160 CV=PEEK(37)
170 POKE 37, CV
180 VTAB(CV+1)
0032
190 POKE 50,127
200 POKE 50,255
FC58
210 CALL -936
FC42
220 CALL -958
Description
Set color graphics mode
Set text mode
Clear mixed graphics
Set mixed graphics (4 lines text)
Clear display Page 2 (BASIC commands
use Page 1 only)
Set display to Page 2 (alternate)
Clear HIRES graphics mode
Set HIRES graphics mode
Set left side of scrolling window
to location specified by LI in
range of to 39.
Set window width to amount specified
by Wl. L1+W1<40. W1>0
Set window top to line specified
by Tl in range of to 23
Set window bottom to line specified
by Bl in the range of to 23. B1>T1
Read/set cusor horizontal position
in the range of to 39. If using
TAB, you must add H l" to cusor position
read value; Ex. 140 and 150 perform
identical function.
Similar to above. Read/set cusor
vertical position in the range to
23.
Set inverse flag if 127 (Ex. 190)
Set normal flag if 255(Ex. 200)
(@e) Home cusor, clear screen
(Fe) Clear from cusor to end of page
30
Hex BASIC Example
FC9C 230 CALL -868
FC66 240 CALL -922
FC70 250 CALL -912
Description
(Eg) Clear from cusor to end of line
(J C ) Line feed
Scroll up text one line
Miscellaneous
C030
C000
C010
C061
C062
C063
C058
C059
C05A
C05B
C05C
C05D
C05E
C05F
360 X=PEEK(-16336)
365 POKE -16336,0
370 X=PEEK(-16384)
380 POKE -16368,0
390 X=PEEK(16287)
400 X=PEEK(-16286)
410 X=PEEK(-16285)
420 POKE -16296,0
430 POKE -16295,0
440 POKE -16294,0
450 POKE -16293,0
460 POKE -16292,0
470 POKE -16291,0
480 POKE -16290,0
490 POKE -16289,0
Toggle speaker
Read keyboard; if X>1 27 then key was
pressed.
Clear keyboard strobe - always after
reading keyboard.
Read PDL(0) push button switch. If
X>127 then switch is "on".
Read PDL(l) push button switch.
Read PDL(2) push button switch.
Clear Game I/O AN0 output
Set Game I/O AN0 output
Clear Game I/O AN1 output
Set Game I/O AN1 output
Clear Game I/O AN2 output
Set Game I/O AN2 output
Clear Game I/O AN3 output
Set Game I/O AN3 output
31
APPLE II BASIC ERROR MESSAGES
*** SYNTAX ERR
*** > 32767 ERR
*** > 255 ERR
***
BAD BRANCH ERR
*** BAD RETURN ERR
*** BAD NEXT ERR
*** 16 GOSUBS ERR
*** 16 FORS ERR
*** NO END ERR
*** MEM FULL ERR
*** TOO LONG ERR
***
DIM ERR
Results from a syntactic or typing error.
A value entered or calculated was less than
-32767 or greater than 32767.
A value restricted to the range to 255 was
outside that range.
Results from an attempt to branch to a non-
existant line number.
Results from an attempt to execute more RETURNS
than previously executed GOSUBs.
Results from an attempt to execute a NEXT state
ment for which there was not a corresponding
FOR statement.
Results from more than 16 nested GOSUBs.
Results from more than 16 nested FOR loops.
The last statement executed was not an END.
The memory needed for the program has exceeded
the memory size allotted.
Results from more than 12 nested parentheses or
more than 128 characters in input line.
Results from an attempt to DIMension a string
array which has been previously dimensioned.
***
RANGE ERR
An array was larger than the DIMensioned
value or smaller than 1 or HLIN,VLIN,
PLOT, TAB, or VTAB arguments are out of
range.
*** STR OVFL ERR
*** STRING ERR
RETYPE LINE
The number of characters assigned to a string
exceeded the DIMensioned value for that string.
Results from an attempt to execute an illegal
string operation.
Results from illegal data being typed in response
to an INPUT statement. This message also requests
that the illegal item be retyped.
32
Simplified Memory Map
FFFF
E000
C000
XX
7FF
64K
56K
Monitor and BASIC Routines in ROM
Future enhancement or user supplied
PROMS
52K
48K
Peripheral I/O
XX
(HIMEM:)
» User specified RAM memory size
User Workspace
(LOMEM:)
2K
IK
Screen Memory
Internal Workspace
33
READ/SAVE DATA SUBROUTINE
INTRODUCTION
Valuable data can be generated on the Apple II computer and sometimes
it is useful to have a software routine that will allow making a permanent
record of this information. This paper discusses a simple subroutine that
serves this purpose.
Before discussing the Read/Save routines a rudimentary knowledge of
how variables are mapped into memory is needed.
Numeric variables are mapped into memory with four attributes. Appearing
in order sequentually are the Variable Name, the Display Byte, the Next Variable
Address, and the Data of the Variable. Diagramatically this is represented as:
VN
DSP
NVA
DATA ( (?)
DATA(l)
DATA(N)
h n+l
VARIABLE NAME - up to 100 characters
represented in memory as ASCII equi-
valents with the high order bit set.
DSP (DISPLAY) BYTE - set to 01 when
DSP set in BASIC initiates a process
that displays this variable with the
line number every time it is changed
within a program.
NVA (NEXT VARIABLE ADDRESS) - two
bytes (first low order, the second
high order) indicating the memory
location of the next variable.
DATA - hexadecimal equivalent of
numeric information, represented
in pairs of bytes, low order byte
first.
34
String variables are formatted a bit differently than numeric ones.
These variables have one extra attribute - a string terminator which desig-
nates the end of a string. A string variable is formatted as follows:
VN DSP NVA DATA(Q0 DATA(l) DATA(n) ST
1 hi h 2 h n+l
VARIABLE NAME - up to 100 characters
represented in memory as ASCII equi-
valents with the high order bit set.
DSP (DISPLAY) BYTE - set to 01 when
DSP set in BASIC, initiates a process
that displays this variable with the
line number every time it is changed
within a program.
NVA (NEXT VARIABLE ADDRESS) - two
bytes (first low order, the second
high order) indicating the memory
location of the next variable.
DATA - ASCII equivalents with high
order bit set.
STRING TERMINATOR (ST) - none high
order bit set character indicating
END of string.
There are two parts of any BASIC program represented in memory. One is
the location of the variables used for the program, and the other is the actual
BASIC program statements. As it turns out, the mapping of these within memory
is a straightforward process. Program statements are placed into memory starting
at the top of RAM memory* unless manually shifted by the "HIMEM:." command, and
are pushed down as each new (numerically larger) line numbered statement is
entered into the system. Figure la illustrates this process diagramatically.
Variables on the other hand are mapped into memory starting at the lowest position
of RAM memory - hex $800 (2048) unless manually shifted by the "LOMEM :" command.
They are laid down from there (see Figure lb) and continue until all the variables
have been mapped into memory or until they collide with the program statements.
In the event of the latter case a memory full error will be generated
*Top of RAM memory is a function of the amount of memory.
16384 will be the value of "HIMEM:" for a 16K system.
35
The computer keeps track of the amount of memory used for the variable
table and program statements. By placing the end memory location of each into
$CC-CD(204-205) and $CA-CB(203-204) , respectively. These are the BASIC
memory program pointers and their values can be found by using the statements
in Figure 2. CM defined in Figure 1 as the location of the end of the variable
tape is equal to the number resulting from statement a of Figure 2. PP, the
program pointer, is equal to the value resulting from statement 2b. These
statements (Figure 2) can then be used on any Apple II computer to find the
limits of the program and variable table.
FINDING THE VARIABLE TABLE FROM BASIC
First, power up the Apple II, reset it, and use the CTRL B (control B)
command to place the system into BASIC initializing the memory pointers. Using
the statements from Figure 2 it is found that for a 16K Apple II CM is equal to
2048 and PP is equal to 16384. These also happen to be the values of LOMEN and
HIMEN: But this is expected because upon using the B c command both memory
pointers are initialized indicating no program statements and no variables.
To illustrate what a variable table looks like in Apple II memory suppose
we want to assign the numeric variable A ($C1 is the ASCII equivalent of a with
the high order bit set) the value of -1 (FF FF in hex) and then examine the
memory contents. The steps in this process are outlined in example I. Variable A
is defined as equal to -1 (step 1). Then for convenience another variable - B -
is defined as equal to (step 2). Now that the variable table has been defined
use of statement 2a indicates that CM is equal to 2060 (step 3). LOMEN has not
been readjusted so it is equal to 2048. Therefore the variable table resides in
memory from 2048 ($800 hex) to 2060 ($8JBC). Depressing the "RESET" key places
the Apple II into the monitor mode (step 4).
We are now ready to examine the memory contents of the variable table.
Since the variable table resides from $800 hex to $80C hex typing in "800. 80C"
and then depressing the "RETURN" key (step 5) will list the memory contents of
this range. Figure 3 lists the contents with each memory location labelled.
Examining these contents we see that CI is equal to the variable name and is the
memory equivalent of "A" and that FF FF is the equivalent of -1. From this, since
the variable name is at the beginning of the table and the data is at the end, the
variable table representation of A extends from $800 to $805. We have then found
36
the memory range of where the variable A is mapped into memory. The reason for
this will become clear in the next section.
READ/SAVE ROUTINE
The READ/SAVE subroutine has three parts. The first section (lines 0-10)
defines variable A and transfers control to the main program. Lines 20 through
26 represents the Write data to tape routine and lines 30-38 represent the Read
data from tape subroutine. Both READ and SAVE routines are executable by the
BASIC "GOSUB X" (where X is 20 for write and 30 is for read) command. And as
listed these routines can be directly incorporated into almost any BASIC program
for read and saving a variable table. The limitation of these routines is that
the whole part of a variable table is processed so it is necessary to maintain
exactly the dimension statements for the variables used.
The variables used in this subroutine are defined as follows:
A = record length, must be the first variable defined
CM= the value obtained from statement a of figure 2
LM= is equal to the value of "LOMEM:"
Nominally 2048
SAVING A DATA TABLE
The first step in a hard copy routine is to place the desired data onto
tape. This is accomplished by determining the length of the variable table and
setting A equal to it. Next within the main program when it is time to write the
data a GOSUB20 statement will execute the write to tape process. Record length,
variable A, is written to tape first (line 22) followed by the desired data
(line 24). When this process is completed control is returned to the main program,
READING A DATA TABLE
The second step is to read the data from tape. When it is time a GOSUB30
statement will initiate the read process. First, the record length is read in
and checked to see if enough memory is available (line 32-34). If exactly the
same dimension statements are used it is almost guaranteed that there will be
enough memory available. After this the variable table is read in (line 34) and
control is then returned to the main program (line 36). If not enough memory
is available then an error is generated and control is returned to the main pro-
gram (line 38)
37
EXAMPLE OF READ/SAVE USAGE
The Read/Save routines may be incorporated directly into a main program.
To illustrate this a test program is listed in example 2. This program dimensions
a variable array of twenty by one, fills the array with numbers, writes the data
table to tape, and then reads the data from tape listing the data on the video
display. To get a feeling for how to use these routines enter this program and
explore how the Read/Save routines work.
CONCLUSION
Reading and Saving data in the format of a variable table is a relatively
straight forward process with the Read/Save subroutine listed in figure 4. This
routine will increase the flexibility of the Apple II by providing a permanent
record of the data generated within a program. This program can be reprocessed.
The Read/Save routines are a valuable addition to any data processing program.
38
Var
Var2
t
LOMEN
$800
V^.
Var,
Unused
Memory
Pi
p 3 ••• Pn-2
/ t
CM End of 'PP beginning
Variable of
Table D
Program
Pn-1
HIMEM
Max System
Size
Variable Data
BASIC Program
Figure 1
a) PRINT PEEK(204) + PEEK(205)*256 -»■PP
b) PRINT PEEK(202) + PEEK(203)*256 -* CM
Figure 2
800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 80A 80B 80C
CI 00 06 08 FF FF C2 00 0C 08 00 00 00
VAR DSP
NAM
L H
NVA
I
L H
DATA VAR DSP
NAM
-* 1
L H
NVA
I
DATA
i
Figure 3
$800. 80C rewritten with labelling
39
FIGURE 4b
READ/SAVE PROGRAM
% A=0
10 GOTO 100
20 PRINT "REWIND TAPE THEN
START TAPE RECORDER" :
INPUT "THEN HIT RETURN"
COMMENTS
This must be the first statement in the
program. It is initially 0, but if data
is to be saved, it will equal the length
of the data base.
This statement moves command to the main
program.
Lines 20-26 are the write data to tape
subroutine.
22 A=CM-LM: POKE 60,4:
POKE 61,8: POKE 62,5:
POKE 63,8: CALL -307
24 POKE 60, LM MOD 256:
POKE 61, LM/256:
POKE 62, CM MOD 256:
POKE 63, CM/256:
CALL -307
26 PRINT "DATA TABLE SAVED":
RETURN
30 PRINT "REWIND THE TAPE
THEN START TAPE RECORDER" :
INPUT "AND HIT RETURN",
BS
32 POKE 60,4: POKE 61,8:
POKE 62,5: POKE 63,8:
CALL -259
34 IF A<0 THEN 38: P=LM+A:
IF P>HM THEN 38: CM=P:
POKE 60, LM MOD 256:
POKE 61, LM/256: POKE 62,
CM MOD 256: POKE 63, CM/256
CALL -259
36 PRINT "DATA READ IN":
RETURN
38 PRINT "***TOO MUCH DATA
BASE***": RETURN
Writing data table to tape
Returning control to main program.
Lines 30-38 are the READ data from tape
subroutine.
Checking the record length (A) for memory
requirements if everything is satisfactory
the data is READ in.
Returning control to main program
NOTE: CM, LM and A must be defined within the main program
40
1 >A=1
>
2 >B=0
>
3 >PRINT PEEK (204) + PEEK
(205) * 256
computer responds with=
2060
5 *800.80C
Define variable A=-l , then hit RETURN
Define variable B=0, then hit RETURN
Use statement 2a to find the end of
the VARIABLE TABLE
Hit the RESET key, Apple moves into
Monitor mode.
Type in VARIABLE TABLE RANGE and HIT
the RETURN KEY.
Computer responds with:
0800- CI 00 86 08 FF FF C2 00
0808 0C 08 00 00 00
Example 1
41
Example 2
>LIST
8 fi=8
18 GOTO 188
d6 REM wait uhir iu mrt Kuuuiit
22 R=CH-LH: POKE 66,4: POKE 61
,8s POKE 62,5: POKE 63 f 8: CfiLL
-307
l4 ru!L b^iLH nliU £3be i"Ur-.L bl
frttb: PUKE b£,Ln flUI/ cOb
: POKE 63 5 Crf/?56; CRLL -38?
118 PRINT 3 26 NuHBtRS GtHERRlLL
iHL DHIfl"; PRINT H yNLN YOU fiRE R
COtW C7QD7 ~ur nr :-■!-{-»■,-]-: tl- n""
L.JUM JiiiFit lili_ ■£. , _-'JiL-*Li''. ii'i £L'--"_'it
D HODE
nil KL1UKM'
ijb bhLL "ooi rKi.Nl "Os sKillHU Drt
Tfi TO WUi GOSOB 28
2b RETURN
-iu PF* prDfi RpTfl- CnDprsliTIMr
Oc r>Li3 Ri.fiL- fcTui! juuP.uUi tii=_
32 POKE §3,4: POKE 6!, 8; POKE
o4 if Hb sHlN oo;t"-LftTn; ir r/
HH THEN 38:CH=Pj POKE 68.LH HOD
,CH HOD 256; POKE 63,011/256
: COLL -259
36 RETURN
38 PRINT **** TOO iiCH DHTH 8RSE *#
* H : EHD
188&IHMCt) f H28>
185 FOR 1=1 T0 28:X(I)=I: HEKT
T
i
188 LH=2848:Ci?=2l8b:B=58;HH=i6383
int ^.cb; ihbLt nWJ Ktni> lilt L'fl
Tft FRGH TRPE"
i-jfj sub i-i :!= i-w.rA iy-bl sKini
B K(*;I; 5 )= s ja(I)e NEXT I
J IHrui nnu ihLn nil r,Llu?.n
M
iC-. DD?'.!7 ='G £ Q
i'-'-J j ii:J! it sfl
J -i .-. .- n. .— : : p. .». .-.
198 FOR 1=1 TO 28; PRIHT "K< re 1 1 j
195 PRIHT 'THIS IS THE EHD 8
288 EHD
42
A SIMPLE TONE SUBROUTINE
INTRODUCTION
Computers can perform marvelous feats of mathematical computation
at well beyond the speed capable of most human minds. They are fast,
cold and accurate; man on the other hand is slower, has emotion, and makes
errors. These differences create problems when the two interact with one
another. So to reduce this problem humanizing of the computer is needed.
Humanizing means incorporating within the computer procedures that aid in
a program's usage. One such technique is the addition of a tone subroutine.
This paper discusses the incorporation and usage of a tone subroutine within
the Apple II computer.
Tone Generation
To generate tones in a computer three things are needed: a speaker,
a circuit to drive the speaker, and a means of triggering the circuit. As it
happens the Apple II computer was designed with a two-inch speaker and an
efficient speaker driving circuit. Control of the speaker is accomplished
through software.
Toggling the speaker is a simple process, a mere PEEK - 16336 ($C030)
in BASIC statement will perform this operation. This does not, however,
produce tones, it only emits clicks. Generation of tones is the goal, so
describing frequency and duration is needed. This is accomplished by toggling
the speaker at regular intervals for a fixed period of time. Figure 1 lists
a machine language routine that satisfies these requirements.
Machine Language Program
This machine language program resides in page of memory from $02 (2)
to $14 (20). $00 (00) is used to store the relative period (P) between
toggling of the speaker and $01 (01) is used as the memory location for the
value of relative duration (D). Both P and D can range in value from $00 (0)
to $FF (255). After the values for frequency and duration are placed into
memory a CALL2 statement from BASIC will activate this routine. The speaker
is toggled with the machine language statement residing at $02 and then a
43
delay in time equal to the value in $00 occurs. This process is repeated until
the tone has lasted a relative period of time equal to the duration (value in $01)
and then this program is exited (statement $14).
Basic Program
The purpose of the machine language routine is to generate tones controllable
from BASIC as the program dictates. Figure 2 lists the appropriate statement that
will deposit the machine language routine into memory. They are in the form of
a subroutine and can be activated by a GOSUB 32000 statement. It is only necessary
to use this statement once at the beginning of a program. After that the machine
language program will remain in memory unless a later part of the main program
modifies the first 20 locations of page 0.
After the GOSUB 32000 has placed the machine language program into memory
it may be activated by the statement in Figure 3. This statement is also in the
form of a GOSUB because it can be used repetitively in a program. Once the fre-
quency and duration have been defined by setting P and D equal to a value between
and 255 a GOSUB 25 statement is used to initiate the generation of a tone. The
values of P and D are placed into $00 and $01 and the CALL2 command activates the
machine language program that toggles the speaker. After the tone has ended
control is returned to the main program.
The statements in Figures 2 and 3 can be directly incorporated into BASIC
programs to provide for the generation of tones. Once added to a program an
infinite variety of tone combinations can be produced. For example, tones can
be used to prompt, indicate an error in entering or answering questions, and
supplement video displays on the Apple II computer system.
Since the computer operates at a faster rate than man does, prompting can
be used to indicate when the computer expects data to be entered. Tones can be
generated at just about any time for any reason in a program. The programmer's
imagination can guide the placement of these tones.
CONCLUSION
The incorporation of tones through the routines discussed in this paper
will aid in the humanizing of software used in the Apple computer. These routines
can also help in transforming a dull program into a lively one. They are relatively
easy to use and are a valuable addition to any program.
44
8 8 8 S -
FF
8891-
FF
8082 —
RD
30
6885 —
o o
d C-s & £ _
r —* *LJ ^_' =_ :
D8
84
@ 8 S 8 —
Cb
81
Ca d M Q
i..* kj kj n
88
888C-
Cfi
088D-
D8
F6
088F-
fib
88
0011-
4C
8£
8014-
68
l:h LuR $C838
hh
DEY
BHE
^80H1J
L.-* L_ =_-
-Sr-Ts i
BEQ
£ 8 8 1 4
DEa
a- 1 ' 1 L_
^pjfjfi^
LDf : :
£ 6 8
T M O
â– ir i~~ C-i Ci o
•*■' *-.= r _= *J L...
R
TC
FIGURE 1. Machine Language Program
adapted from a program by P. Lutas.
ottoc r^ht LfUJl rm. 6 t *6l rUKL
9,1: POKE i§,?46
poke ie.pj f
£8,96: RETURN
. } K!T:i- lU*i,t rUFsL i7sUs K'f-L
FIGURE 2. BASIC "POKES"
ca riat ftjf; rmt i,us U1LI
RETURN
FIGURE 3. GOSUB
45
High- Resolution Operating Subroutines
These subroutines were created to make programming for
High-Resolution Graphics easier, for both BASIC and machine
language programs. These subroutines occupy 757 bytes of memory
and are available on either cassette tape or Read-Only Memory
(ROM). This note describes use and care of these subroutines.
There are seven subroutines in this package. With these,
a programmer can initialize High-Resolution mode, clear the screen,
plot a point, draw a line, or draw and animate a predefined shape,
on the screen. There are also some other general-purpose
subroutines to shorten and simplify programming.
BASIC programs scan access these subroutines by use of , the
CALL statement, and can pass information by using the POKE state-
Bent. There are special entry points for most of the subroutines
that will perform the same functions as the original subroutines
without modifying any BASIC pointers or registers. For machine
language programming, a JSR to the appropriate subroutine address
will perform the same function as a BASIC CALL.
In the following subroutine descriptions, all addresses
given will be in decimal. The hexadecimal substitutes will
be preceded by a dollar sign ($) . All entry points given are
for the cassette tape subroutines, which load into addresses
C00 to FFF (hex). Equivalent addresses for the ROM subroutines
will be in italic type face.
46
High- Resolution Operating Subroutines
INIT Initializes High-Resolution Graphics mode
From BASIC: CALL 3072 (or CALL -12288)
From machine language: JSR $C00 (or JSR $DfT{T0)
This subroutine sets High-Resolution Graphics mode with a
280 x 16? matrix of dots in the top portion of the screen and
four lines of text in the bottom portion of the screen. INIT
also clears the screen.
CLEAR Clears the screen.
From BASIC: CALL 3B86 (or CALL -12274)
From machine language: JSR $C0E (or JSR $Djf0E)
This subroutine clears the High-Res61ution screen without
resetting the High-Resdlution Graphics mode.
PLOT Plots a point on the screen.
From BASIC: CALL 378JBT (or CALL -1158&)
From machine language: JSR $C7C (or JSR $D07C)
This subroutine plots a single point on the screen. The
X and Y coodinates of the point are passed in locations 800,
801, and 802 from BASIC, or in the A, X, and Y registers from
machine language. The Y (vertical) coordinate can be from
47
High-Rcsloution Operating Subroutines
PLOT (continued)
(top of screen) to 159 (bottom of screen) and is passed in
location 802 or the A-register; but the X (horizontal) coordinate
can range from (left side of screen) to 279 (right side of screen)
and must be split between locations 800 (X MOD 256) and 801
(X/256).or, from machine language, between registers X (X LO)
and Y (X HI). The color of the point to be plotted must be set
in location 812 ($32C). Four colors are possible: is BLACK,
85 ($55) is GREEN, 170 ($AA) is VIOLET, and 255 ($FF) is WHITE.
POSN Positions a point on the screen.
From BASIC: CALL 3761 (or CALL -11S99J
From machine language: JSR $C26 (or JSR $D(f26)
This subroutine does all calculations for a PLOT, but does
not plot a point .(** leaves the screen unchanged). This is useful
when used in conjumction with LINE or SHAPE (described later).
To use this subroutine, set up the X and Y coordinates just the r.
saae as for PLOT. The color in location 812 ($32C) is ignored.
LINE Draw a line on the screen.
48
High-Resolution Operating Routines
LINE Draws a line on the screen.
From BASIC: CALL 3786 (or CALL -US74)
Fron machine language: JSR $C95 (or JSR $t>(?9S)
This subroutine draws a line from the last point PLOTted
or POSN»ed to the point specified. One endpoint is the last point
PLOTted or POSN'ed; the other endpoint is passed in the sane manner
as for a PLOT or POSN. The color of the line is set in location
812 ($32C). After the line is drawn, the new endpoint becomes the
base endpoint for the next line drawn.
SHAPE Draws a predefined shape on the screen.
From BASIC: CALL 3805 (or CALL -11555)
From machine language: JSR $DBC (or JSB $D1BC)
This subroutine draws a predefined shape on the screen at
the point previously PLOTted or POSN'ed. The shape is defined
by a table.. of vectors in memory. (How to create a vector table
will be described later). The starting address of this table
should be passed in locations 804 and 805 from BASIC .or in':the
Y and X registers from machine language. The color of the shape
should be passed in location 28 ($1C).
There are two special variables that are used only with shapes:
the scaling factor and the rotation factor . The scaling factor
determines the relative size of the shape. A scaling factor of
49
Hi gh-Resolution Operatin g Subroutines
SHAPE (continued)
1 will cause the shape to be drawn true sire, while a scaling
factor of 2 will draw the shape double size, etc. The scaling
factor is passed in location 806 from BASIC or $32F from machine
language. The rotation factor specifies one of 64 possible angles
of rotation f.r the shape. A rotation factor of will cause the
shape to be drawn right-side up. where a rotation factor if 16
will draw the shape rotated 90° clockwise, etc. The rotation
factor is passed in location 807 foom BASIC of in the A-register
fron machine language.
The table of vectors which defines the shape to be drawn is
a series of bytes stored in memory. Each byte is divided into
three sections, and each section specifies whether or not to plot
a point and also a direction to move (up, down, left, or right).
The SHAPE subroutine steps through the vector table byte by byte,
and then through each byte section by section. When it reaches
a 00 byte, it is finished.
The three sections are arranged in a byte like this:
In I i 14 !»)*!» ! £ I i *
OiOPD *' 00 ! itf>" >
I 1 4: »rr A : ~T » •• <r
Each bit^ir'DD^ptcifies a* direction to move, and the two bits
P specify whether or not to plot a point before moving. Notice
that the last section (most significant bits) does not have a P
field, so it can only be a move without plotting. IThe SHAPE
50
High-Resolution Operating Subroutines
SHAPE (continued)
subroutine processes the sections from right to left (least
significant bit to most significant bit). IF THE REMAINING SECTIONS
OF THE BYTE ARE ZERO, THEN THEY ARE IGNORED. Thus, the byte
cannot end with sections of 00 (move up without plotting).
Here is an example of how to create a vector table:
Suppose we want to draw a shape like this
First, draw it on graph paper, one dot per square. Then decide
where to start drawing the shape. Let's start this one in the center.
Next, we must draw a path through each point in the shape, using
only 90 angles on the turns.!
Next, re-draw the shape as a series of vectors, each one moving
one place up, down, left, or right, and distin guish the vectors that
plot a point before moving:
Now "unwrap* 1 those vectors and write *them in a straight line.
Now draw a table like the one in Figure 1. For each vector in the
line, figure the bit code and place it in the next available section
in the table. If it will not fit or is a 00 at. the end of a byte,
then skip that section and go on to the next. When you have finished
51
Hi gh-Resolution Operating Subr outines
SHAPE (continued)
coding all vectors, check your work to make sure it is accurate.
Then make another table (as in figure 2) and re-copy the coded
vectors from the first table. Then decode the vector information
int o a series of hexadecimal bytes, using the hexidecimal code
table in figure 3. This series of hexidecimal bytes is your shape
definition table, which you can now put into the Apple H's memory
and use to draw that shape on the screen.
52
5 V,
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<- E~t|»4- t ;
05 i a
a> i i
I i ©
l I I
I
1 1
J
t-rV
o /- c
or * *A»^e. Op L^)
1 2
3F
Z <f>
64
2 O
I 5
3 (,
<8 7
F i
o o olopo o
oi r t.
O oo o -} o
O © O V -* i
o e> t o "7 t.
o o i -* 3
i o o -7> ^
o i o I -} J
O I V O -7
° I I ~7
1 o o o -^
-7
7
B
I o I o
O O -^ C
I I O 1 -y t>
I 1 I ft -7 E
II II "* F
53
. • « = • -06^ Cs vLL"?.-0yOG; rU3n-0; O:
, : ■■••" a-. : i
-J -I s 3 if &«£/ wv^Kl I lt£.=1 j^'Ur.L CO
— ¥DIR» Y=— Ys- IF Y<8 IHEH Y-Vt
7£Q : ~i~ pnii'T 5£& id.^* PfWF :":« =
elB . XU )=( n( I )-?! )*9/18fV; V( I )=(
8b IfiLL iNi!:X= KHD ^4)*!^
f RHD (3)*85*85; GGSUB 2888
s bHLL ruUi
â– IU II- k'HD (1888K1 IHEH 388= IF
Lfi."^„ ■■-"• i
•: s_L.if : :-: : lI 1. ~:i"_^:! _■■••
bO^s LULL bHHfxi; fiLhl Kl bUbUu
3888: GOTO fel8
ru-r-. .-• •- -. i -LLic. rr ■Ji/ck nn
•=?=/ js iJ*iJl if AivS UK
tl)u? OR ¥I<8 OR YDI59 JHEH
-I'-i* K — K I = I — T 1 1 bUbUt? coBH; UiLL
•_in-_ s uvj'.«= jy-j-j s yysy yi»
'His UUiUS IssSb ^UKL c'liis KHU *
'.; :jUKiv^: i"Lj: ; Lf: :";T
rijf.c nn«
■■L' "i.'vH- 1 L"_ •■=_*:: : •_• _ : ■-J:
"• 1 :.- " . i i-:i -j
--»» :=i. t
i J -j -_ : _ : '_■L ! ~ L ! %.' "■: «J '_ : J V U
: J'.=u OfJi_L =_-i
r:/T , -0-_:~Q.j: e— £f?L- : : -. 0/~C T r.l
riifL? c50i ruKi
Fi|i":.-L-Jvt i l?p.s_ yyL|i'i;J t-iiLL
'& )v'j>' 1
o;?Vintoi^AU>-£: HtX! I
bUo UHLL IHiiz HIIKt HHH,Hj CBLL
:i:- : ::: :
! : v-t-i. i.i ; ^.r t. :-••_■• -•-â–
i^. - â– ". . - rr - -. =
lOIV- f:~-7- i si I- \ i *; UUjUD l.uuus "LiUKfl
£m$ I^U^t bl^vsA HUD c^n; FijKt HHi
â– JHHH |h PttK ~lbou4)ur8 THEN RETURN
b : Hr f Y= tHLL LiNtz HUKL b ! yy?
(279-K) HOD ?5£' POKE 881 5 K(
POKE 888,23; POKE 881 ^ 1= POKE
OC:^ i=-ii_v: rot I I TMT
l-:^^ ■• l_ij:
; r- ^|:KJ- Hrjkr Z ri)l ^^K= Kl't?!- >=il
-v J '_':-.^ «y«jn ;s-_-L- j.-_-_*a 1 -jr-.i. v v i
fA/C-J-Js fUr-.L OSCe-vJ L-llLL Lifit!
K-K^k : DIR^B: IF K/-8 HNO n : <388
L s "* ill. 1 ; L -J"-. L. , ; » i7i_j": : is !V- ! ! J!£!
54
ROD'S COLOR PATTERN
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
ROD'S COLOR PATTERN is a simple but eloquent program. It generates a
continuous flow of colored mosaic-like patterns in a 40 high by 40 wide
block matrix. Many of the patterns generated by this program are pleasing
to the eye and will dazzle the mind for minutes at a time.
REQUIREMENTS
4K or greater Apple II system with a color video display.
BASIC is the programming language used.
PROGRAM LISTING
V& 1-Uk y=3 iO i8
1 !-'t :; i s : i L : i ::
:Vi. DIP" i:~- ■• Au T <~.: .-.- ■.. ^ - _
• - Jr Tj '.'«' 5 s- : -'i i»~ f J r.= i
55
PROGRAM LISTING: PONG
■:t-i/Ui_ -Ji^i. i«
i.v. it i-iJJ
L.v If Hi : -J J s vis: ;:: â– ?'-. i"i.
uLl-;---J: ••L.i-': • : -J-J ::■« s • SL. i «
-/t;-?-t -V
-IH i.iH Uk"=K: H :i; a-I.-Y
f a-« lilLn t I U~ f=Dj ? /
H.i n-.*t~~n; [}-.-:â–
Uliil? C=-i
intf ITnTSi
NL^I
■v.* i =!!_!! _'«-_'?■.
eJ3 ir H ifttn «D5m/=U rui {
i!M UULUk=b= VLIN P(l>,rI^j Hi
â– â– I7I i|j:i -lir^S 1 \' r Ft i j :-Kt* '-: i J'^S)-
}iV6) IHLH VLIN PiI;tSt|.^4
RT39sP(3)=p{i)
is If
s
Ss :*ni HD-U: Tl DfSWOs'O'i TiirB
VLIN u=riy)~I Hi B* ih riJ)
{'Pf:-'"i TMfii Uj IM p="gUs4-f ^Q
III V
UULUk = »= ih H(U)>Flu) ! HEN
: _ l : i ii Li j. ! : :.â– : ;_: ii : G: IT 0:' Ci V
TLi-1 U«*V/ i i:i « a ii JV/
TCf i OCr- VLili P-.** /i" Z- "=" is -j^
s-Ti, -nr^ r-.i: ;.;â–
: r- X-ZiH jâ„¢ '^rr-:7; â– Hr ."i ."h,â„¢
?v i v?"-. :~i ii,' i^sij- i L.L.: *â– , iUw^ ! .
•■j i- •• •:=-■/ :_-.*". ; !■==_■■i-j-j
â– ;v/; ii :"-'_' iiti.n : : ~S '-. i
!hui v-i-s i- i"ii : l- •■■s-n
â– â„¢;: i -:/ :+i
56
COLOR SKETCH
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
Color Sketch is a little program that transforms the Apple II into an
artist's easel, the screen into a sketch pad. The user as an artist
has a 40 high by 40 wide (1600 blocks) sketching pad to fill with a
rainbow of fifteen colors. Placement of colors is determined by
controlling paddle inputs; one for the horizontal and the other for
the vertical. Colors are selected by depressing a letter from A through
P^ on the keyboard.
An enormous number of distinct pictures can be drawn on the sketch pad
and this program will provide many hours of visual entertainment.
REQUIREMENTS
This program will fit into a 4K system in the BASIC mode.
57
PROGRAM LISTING: COLOR SKETCH
z. pfigT :- ! f?Q* Df-iT jiQt pfii-T
« fui_- *_.,_; 0. !'_»%_, -Jj'iQ. rUM.
Tiijfi-i rUf-.L -J. s iC-J« fUKL Ds«
s PfiiT 7 *"'-'= pHiT i£0. DfssT
e « >jFii. ; «-js_* fur-.E- i-^i-wi t ur-X
•/,i_-^ ; Tui-.L _UrlO-j s fUM. ii
,1: POKE i£ f £88; POKE 13,4 "
ig pf.iT- *--- iOO B DsItT iK OA* Dfi.T
iGjCto; ru?-.L _;=;). fUf-L lo'j
xttL-, ! v'Iil i7.ii ! iff-.*. L-Vii'.'i
POKE 21,2: POKE 22,8: *POKE
23,96-
j^ f-Ts 3e/i{S i. â– T_"v7 ; i"_H e _00^
iv _-*<t L** VTC'/i ii_r=! â– '.-Hi.-. J.JM
C-J H- LLHDt/; i UK _>i iy ill Uu^Uu
hV PRINT Ptf? 7^" MrzT ? :
■~:lT H J- _ s -""■•"• : ~*~ .— :.-r--9-. - .; : is nr-irt ST-.: :
AQ Dt-f=rnDvD1T;UT ilDO; ~ rHMDIItrD iG7
45 B$="TH1S PROGRfiH fiLLOyS VOU TO s
POKE UOH HOD £56: POKE £4
f i ! _M:- Lt ,: J : ii E L'Pii. L ! $r-."-. i l _-i-_._-
W.GOSUB 38: GOSUB £5; PRIHT :
OSUB 38; GOSUE £5
DD S-. itnCiiD .48. f
■•L' -Jt •iUJ'Jl? "J i '.
_->â– -'
TiT: ? LET
uOSOB 25= PRINT « GGSUB 58
uu.'Ud c-Ji rr. ins
i GGSUB £5= PRIHT
i :-.ni: i i ;-.i)ii i « '.- J U" iJ S V Jt *j1S '_■t
~ ::.:-!-!: rir^riv SETT rirT:i-i:!l fji-
i Tup 7*0 a". a pDTUT D-t: ; 7if 7i
1«
14b
C£= SCRK(X f Y):C3=15: IF C£=
15 THEN C3=5, C0LuK=C3f PLOT
Etnin «o^
IF PEEK (-16384 )#1d@ THEH 15:
iP-Gst-5: piiVV _i£0£0 Q; DfivT
39: CRLL -936
QDTliT « D-t-_«|- -;"— -lee j— Af} rr-j-g
: VTRB £4; GGSUB £5: IHPUT
u r -* / ? D* = if b* I j, i /- L-
THEH 118; PRINT 5 END"; END
; UKt -I636S.8: GOTO l£b
58 B$ = ~SkETCH COLORED F IuUREh W
05 i;^-' : LUy KLbULU ! llliH bkHPHllb Hi i H
PQnoi re** opTiipM
<_*-_= r-.r-.-iu. iuEi-i'.'s -vjj'jw l'-.'s r-.i_s-.T-.il
7S k$z- : &: tE^y-Hti: Ce"eCeeD GRi^iV-O-i
75 KK=£B;T0H-£6^ GOSUB 35; RETURN
HOi rLBG THlN I3j; COLOk-C
:iE*j-j^:4- i.nLEii- -J-.t Ul i U-Jii
58
MASTERMIND PROGRAM
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
MASTERMIND is a game of strategy that matches your wits against Apple's*
The object of the game is to choose correctly which 5 colored bars have
been secretly chosen by the computer. Eight different colors are possible
for each bar - Red (R), Yellow (Y), Violet (V), Orange (0), White (W), and
Black (B). A color may be used more than once. Guesses for a turn are
made by selecting a color for each of the five hidden bars. After hitting
the RETURN key Apple will indicate the correctness of the turn. Each white
square to the right of your turn indicates a correctly colored and positioned
bar. Each grey square acknowledges a correctly colored but improperly posi-
tioned bar. No squares indicate you're way off.
Test your skill and challenge the Apple II to a game of MASTERMIND.
REQUIREMENTS
8K or greater Apple II computer system.
BASIC is the programming language.
59
PROGRAM LISTING: MASTERMIND
J. WW ! :P.t'L i:-JL- -uw 'is : tl. ! : fv : • I
w / si."'. -J .-' ;;":â– . w ,
s AV. .- : ~-Ji A-?~ L : =ij ; ? -jfe&
8; HUH 8*39 RT V;FlHSH=h FOR
Pi - 1 I U -J I m =1 ,- - ; uU jUD 1 ub«
= NEKT H*H=1
0££ pf;p yDTT = - TO. iiki'vTS-- Dfri''
www :L-i-, 3?;ti : i ■-_• iVji-Li" * US. P.
XMijR P;[N fiRLL ~^S4 ^FT^ INV^i^F -IF)
s.-i.-. rtr-i;
jww* KLh P0KE~lb368 CLRS KBD STROBE
ww tw fit-i: w: ::„=_ _*ww w=-UE*_; -Jw?:i.i-j- »i»l/
hl iu ifiL UH11L Ur nniiLKni"!/!
uu?, iiDOLwi i j iu uULio D wULU
niriun HUllHLi Oh uULbbtbs iHlK
r ddt rirrur r:?L~~Q~!a7 c-r-.i adc "=
i- iit-.u ^iwiii ^i--^ti_i;= vw=_w:_= iw
*_• n u 1= l r ft u n s
- uUUL?"b ^K!Hi " is :U ii li
l~l iv w* ii i-.j- ■■/ :•_}•.-"■. ss-r"- i .'
) 1HLN NLK! 1; ir I z ^ THEN
j~iiwr HLXI yni i ; hLHHH = I ~FlR5H=
4MM wULUk^Id^H^w! ["UK I = i !& h'
i: ii •!-■_! is:
ti? Owe. wULUK :
I >U j; NiSf
;; ir mu IHLK
fe HrtU iKKiw Itttfi t-'K 1 h I 'liUOU
4HHH Ktr_f| S = nIS 16 - 58 INTRO
£;i "::.-: wi. M CTbsTC ": -i is _ "• : Q k-ETU CT^IIw
-wiw ai_u ji-iij iww ii'j nL?? 3L = UT
'iwCb rlLli blPlI Cww HLs UUL^b
4838 REH STMTS 388-318 USER INPUT
AaA& pfis C7=? ^^^ r;-rrr n-rt-
iSiLii DCis CMDO i&&& vCil HD • TsiT
:www :-i_SE _»Ji.Ti *www WUu.w"-. LiiTi-
om m n rKlHi
u s: : : : :i:
iiil ii::i Pii. ! iw LJL-Jin :L::I
ivv wHLL ""OOO; If rtC! â„¢ib^ST/
16L :HLN 1ww= FUKt ~lbwbSj
Lis HP - pDTMT : ChD T-i Tn
wi w:-. t )!i!1i 3 â– Vi i~i !=_:
Q^r^T^- vUh /OU'r rrii !">.«•
u=wi-- v-.-vt- u-=i, wULUi-fi
i)= iillN I*4*c«I*4 BT 39* PRIHT
;:":•? i ^ i / a s : ti_n ! i
t i f- T~! ! _ ! _ji- nri T:! ~ r.r.r:^ s ;__-.__
ii^ iivi-n: hfe in; : Thin! " LLIILK
KEYS FOR COLOR CHflNGE"i PRIHT
HKKU= Rty^i I" UK nUVrinCL fiW Wd
Zk" i PRIHT 3 HIT RETURN TO RCC
H BVLKfiGE 5 |i Ir 1 RV>I4 iHEn
-384;' IBB 5i PRIHT £ HIT mi KEY
iw r^_;:- iiw-ii:; s •>*_» i 'J IVV
J. www 11" N~o it1t.:1 KL I UfiN s w'JLL'K"
K(H(H))*FLrlSHi HLIH N*4-£,H*
£888 IF H(IK>P<3} THEH RETORH ;
£i-«i- = Dl hT Oiii-U" V= DDTUT
5J-H T ir !!_»_'! L.1 • I! ' i> j ! * !iil!?
?•-!— r i::".:
' ; : HU >-B; L«. -i i=55 st i UKN
60
BIORHYTHM PROGRAM
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
This program plots three Biorhythm functions: Physical (P), Emotional (E),
and Mental (M) or intellectual. All three functions are plotted in the
color graphics display mode,
Biorhythm theory states that aspects of the mind run in cycles. A brief
description of the three cycles follows:
Physical
The Physical Biorhythm takes 23 days to complete and is an indirect indicator
of the physical state of the individual. It covers physical well-being, basic
bodily functions, strength, coordination, and resistance to disease.
Emotional
The Emotional Biorhythm takes 28 days to complete. It indirectly indicates
the level of sensitivity, mental health, mood, and creativity.
Mental
The mental cycle takes 33 days to complete and indirectly indicates the level
of alertness, logic and analytic functions of the individual, and mental recep-
tivity.
Bio rhythms
Biorhythms are thought to affect behavior. When they cross a "baseline" the
functions change phase - become unstable - and this causes Critical Days. These
days are, according to the theory, our weakest and most vulnerable times. Acci-
dents, catching colds, and bodily harm may occur on physically critical days.
Depression, quarrels, and frustration are most likely on emotionally critical
days. Finally, slowness of the mind, resistance to new situations and unclear
thinking are likely on mentally critical days.
REQUIREMENTS
This program fits into a 4K or greater system.
BASIC is the programming language used.
61
PROGRAM LISTING: BIORHYTHM
uiWt 170 = DsWl 0. £0. Dftfr™
4«I^i* HUKL t)j 16^?; HUKL b>«
e DH-T 7 00* DHVr iiOs DfliT
* i -*r-.s_ >,«*.* i v:l y f *.*«-'« ■lt-.j-
» Ok0 = Dni^L iQ i£n = Dfii/r i:
s s i. : Mi-'L t "J "_ : L'£L?s afiisL i'j £
I '-;'-. L. iTji.'vi t ! «?F>.L. i-_'ti_ :i t UF-.i.
198* POKE 19 f h POKE £8 =76=
UU 1 U oD
tt_-!. --j-Hri "j. nr-jiriL:
« 'j ; =_ ! rv.i_ issR iivL' i_-js= t yr-.i. i_- f
a DlTMDU
,H,DjYii = Y , KY(I88}*I988
7_3/H_V*: J s!Yj'ti.tja TC 11/ Li TUlU
i Ii' v -J* 1 , ii/i. .' 'L-r U !«■-.« ISii.it
Ji-U-iOiOSO. Dr?=iQk:
ft— -1 ! LsLvL: F>.i_ • Ut:l
^ HIN MtfjR^ Rl^ "'!) RC"'*-': Pi' '-:'":
L? j v .-" i ii i :"vTJ t LA S_ .- ~ S-*jy » I
POKE 34»2§; GOSUB 28: GOSUB
J=I: bk I rUKt y't.c.j. "Uf, n-
18 TO cB: COLORE: HLIH 8,31
QT vi LOT Vt Lll Til 1 QT
Mi r ; . nuA! fit SfUill ifv M!
Hi E: ?TBB 21
Vj; IF Y<18 THEH PRIHT a ~i
I rKiHi ii sii-ni
T; FRIHT
1E9 ¥TBB £3, PRINT "DfiVS LIVED s
,i:. rr-.u ?- in Os ffiinD-ii^
Jn; ruK i~i fJ .â– -?â– ^jLurri-.
I=lHb*(i=£HS*(I=3)s ?LIN
'- '"0 ST OOiT + Ts UTGD 0.4
SfOJ HI OO'i + i, 7JMU E-T
iilj l"UK n = ^ IU ^i^r-ln nuy d?m/
+K) HOD BV(D. GOSUB 56; FLO!
tD s KtiUKN
-â– -' i -Ji': 1 - i s i Ui â– HUE/ Lv ! Jj : U:i_ L.T
;0H/£5&ti= POKE SrKK= CRL
.; : i ;y r : f : In" /;A i ;;••■% r - ?* rlrl^
"; inb 13; mH!
DDTJJT HDTDTU n S5 rnciiD 7k
TiHD LLl ihQ Cli ^fLi^! Diiin
138 PRINT i IHPUT "HHOTHER PLOi CY/H
i S-svs TUCi
itB
i /' i5=j/
Lj — -44-: J-'jS * rlrr I- -litii : ; "; ":iki "41-! - :' : i- : s
i rid '":.;. :-■-•■T • -. .• t n-Fi .!.-;.• : '•- -■i r^ -. E
H-3S*( rl)39 )^fi^( fi(48 )i RETURN
.05 PRINT "FORlCHST ~i; GOSUB 75
. t ii ;r-.»_= iifLSi «i~it l t_ *•_■-«■_
' Vlhb CjI |Hn ib" e KKlnl TUKLtu
ST DhTE a ;fi; H , s ;Dr f E jY: ¥THB
t=. vi/_7 t Ts-:£ s cnCUD 7S* pCTiipU
■_ s _ : r-.F-. - - a tl: _ i«* U-J^IUU !Ut t\"_ s UF-.i"
62
DRAGON MAZE PROGRAM
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
DRAGON MAZE is a game that will test your skill and memory. A maze is
constructed on the video screen. You watch carefully as it is completed.
After it is finished the maze is hidden as if the lights were turned out.
The object of the game is to get out of the maze before the dragon eats
you. A reddish-brown square indicates your position and a purple square
represents the dragon's!* You move by hitting a letter on the keyboard;
U for up, D for down, R for right, and L for left. As you advance so
does the dragon. The scent of humans drives the dragon crazy; when he is
enraged he breaks through walls to get at you. DRAGON MAZE is not a game
for the weak at heart. Try it if you dare to attempt out-smarting the
dragon.
REQUIREMENTS
8K or greater Apple II computer system.
BASIC is the programming language.
Color tints may vary depending upon video monitor or television adjustments
63
PROGRAM LISTING: DRAGON MAZE
2 PRIHT 5 yELC8Ht TO THE DRhGOH'S rf
hLl.1
3 PRIHT- s tOU Mi iRTCB HHILE I BUI
i nn"i|T ■sn-rr nyrn i~r rri»ni rrr r
f hKini DL?= SslUs ii 5 LUhfLLtLj 1
; LL ERRSE 5
•J i Rifii iiiu !*.*_•< UKi_x ii iL.it iiib l.i_
UfiLT itt nl milt* ru ^UU bUflr 1
FT. ini id e!Uvl.;-IUO Hi I i flfo
RIGHT."
7 DpTUT 3E s 3 â– ? CHD ilTT MM tHD MD
i s tit?s l. i ur-. ■_!_! it y i yr-. «j; •
HHiT ;
DDTMT «Jri' CfiD iSHiikl ?•& M^T UT T
iQ DDTkIT =TUr flBTpPT, TC Lug vHH f?U
t bKLtn »0T b
[1 PRINT 2 Tp G'M T^ TuV nnn^ HM w
li : tii:!: ; 'j -Js- i I -_• t s ts- :,• '•.•-«.':■. ■-■:! 5 Hi-
nt ^H.T -JTi-fS
IS PRIHT H BEF0RE THE DRflGOH (THE RE
Cb ^rUilt I3 f L?Lh ttLrifat iUb LHtl J)
Et ii, b?
L.i rriiFit tilt Hi'.-i ndl. JnC i-KsiauH
CBH'T GEP
cc PRINT "THROUGH IT! ) s
8S Din H$(3)
,; ihrui n*
l68 OR C0L0R-15
-r,-.r. -' r.r- : T-r,f~-T =.-.-.r-.tr r — i .;.-.::
j! Ihb' d) "Kin! uHKl ^, jHhn
HOH s
i i -j mn
v t jj Hi il HLIH y,^7 Hi il HtK!
T
I3S
i u£"£
1881
I - UK. 1- i i y i ? ; ~i 1 i- i i r nt A i
1898 Q=R+D+Ltl)
1180 IF (0(3 RHD RHD (IB He) OR
*£-'*} INlH iii'u
III» l/R = KH& 4;
1128 GOTO IISB-WDR
f 1 * Y~^tl
iiuv ?t_iti -J-»"i L. f g^! i Hi -J-*"-.:" i .-
i i'j-j ±*j S li i ■Juif
i 1 .4 D TC UHT ft TiirU 1 t iS= rs^i/ ~%i V
Tl8;Y=Â¥*i
ii-iK L-i T LI 0~v_0 QiV_1 ST 0~/v_i
I 146 GOTO 1835
: unt i
nu > L
1155 ¥LIH 3*Y-2 f 3*i-l nT m,
i i -JD UU i L= i & 'J-J
iiyc ir nU! u InlN iiiS;au-i^; :
llb3 HLiH ^X-c,3Â¥K-l HI '6*U bUI U
183;
14 PRIH 1 " BEiRRE! !!!!!;!! SOHtllHtS
CRH'T GO OVER*
):S(K)=- BBS (H(K));C=C-i
t l w • •■;= turn i «£ s t o-M; j/i. • •
8
IF Y=13 THEN 1878;H1M3>
11% 1=^1= bUiu iH3b
â– jQzk rnCiiD ^5ii|5s ppTMT ; =TUl M07C T-
ALL"- 1 UvJUU vvvit fr.iin t^i- Hi-i-L. A.
EflDY"
1285 GR i C0L0R=I5
u i r%ih Hin!= iUU L-tiii v~ it-ii ILL
mMl n sHLL"
â– si â– ~ zzi
ir R=i ihLR i83Ba=riU-W/S
iSoo ir i=I irttli ig7b;U=nu-ij;/
'ftl HLiii H,X> Hi o: HLiH H,
OQ OT -7Q
•j j tit -j/
1 CCS A- i ; i - Shy i-j Jt i ; LULUr -0 «
64
DRAGON MAZE cont.
1516
c$m
£828
£116
UY= RHD (13)4-1
"■ft: r-n_^. ••: :•* -(j.!!-..! -*": -':^i:U i
IrULUS— £ij ?i,in O'hsM ~c^ 0*3? ~i
fiT 39
C y — * j i C V — y V
K~ Till--. K-'lQ-itfitl tr *Aliib !t1t_rt
1568
Q8=K; GGSUB 7888; K=QS
IF 5X=X m SY=Y THEN 8888
II" R= ICmA"K'J InLn C&jv
ir i.-'_ £■-{-/ e-'« ■•. r-iry ":r;A3
ir ?,- rtoU U i intfi oM
IF K= BSC( S D 3 ) THEN 3588
r.j : i r. it. .-,
yft=i:uf=B
4888
FK=3*K-£iFY=3*Y-c; FOR 1=1 TO
FX=FX+DX:FY=FY+DY
hUR K=s III I hUR L=b !U I;
D: AT Ur'i.V Livi.ii UtVT i ifs.. rf'i AD-
1; PLOT FM, Fitl; NEKT L,K:
NEXT I
- : ■-. ¥-Yii:V: V-V iijV
ilih it £=io mv 'i-m irttN bti*Jtf
£128 GOTO 1588
£518 IF H(X+i3*(Y-i"M> HOD 18 THEN
2588 GOTO 2828
3588 DK=8:DY=1
3518 It H(X+13*<Y-1)>/18 THEN 438b
4818
4828
4838
. ,: .'Lu» Ii 1
GOTO 1588
.'0 ul>j<ju >j*jQv
4138 GOTO 1588
4288 bOSUB 5888
4218 C0L0R-15
*fj_i-Q !!!_in iJ^'ift 1 / f -J*-!, iii ui", I i
4H3&
4388
4318
4338
5B88
GOTO 1588
GOSUB 5888
C0L8R=15
HLIH3*(HU*XflT3*Y
GOTO 1588
S=S-1: FOR 1-1 TO 28: B= PEEK
^-loJ-Jb^ Ptth â– â– .-i&o'jb.rt rtU
(-16336)+ PEEK (-16336): HEKT
6888
6828
6838
I i RETURN
"LIT «1 •.-;?* *»
KKiHi "Hid «iN5'
GOSUB 5888; GOSUB 5888: G0S1
5888
PRINT s SC0RE= n ;St3
END
ih a/3a ihe.fi fodj; it* i/3i ihtH
7858
TC vYCv TUrLi 7' £3= TC t - , -"-~y TLJl«
ii iijn irtLn /ioel 1^ ij( ifitn
IF SX=I3 THEN 7858; IF KSX*
13*tSY-l)»9THEH7B18s IF
H(SX*13*(SY-i» HDD 18 THEN
DX=i:DY=8
7 SOp
7822 KX=3?SX-£; RY=3*SY-£
■"•*C¥.i :
i.ry
7823 FOR 1=1 TO 3sRX=RX*DX:RY=RY+
L- : >
7824 C0LOR=8
7825 FOR K=8 TO 1: FOR 1=8 TO h
PLOT QX+K,QY+L: NEXT L f K: COLORE
RD: FOR K=8 TO 1: FOR 1=8 TO
â– Is PLOT RX+K,RY+L: HEKT ill
QK=RK;SY=RY
7po» urvT r
7835 SK=SKtDK:SY=SYtDY
7848 T(SX+13*(SY-1))=T(SX+13*(SY-
DH1
7845 RETURN
iuib ir ji-lo inch fidb; it" Hiftt
-13*(SY-1)»9 THEN 7868i IF
fhi^-ij^Hin-l/^ id tntn fide
7868 DX=8:DY=1: GOTO 782&
7188 lFSX=MHEH7t5B'fIFT{SX+
13*(SY-1»>9 THEN 7118: IF
IKSX+13«SY-I)-i) H0D.i8 TIEH
7158
65
DRAGON MAZE cont
i lib i*ri-~~ il'01-ul Ul'ib tSCb
•;:r.-, :r .-:; s Tjtr-Et -r-.r.r ■■■■rr X. - ."is-
Hjs ir M=l IhtH imjl It KiAt
i o*j" cy _ i *• *vj Turu 7 1 £ s * t c
i v"Jv
iYV-5:
:-i~j-*j rnrnn csss. *"ii~nj) z~*iiii- ~f""IID
Q555? UU3UD- JuCuJ UUjUu -JOb^ uloUb
5688 ; GOSuB 5888; PRINT 5 THE DRR
66
APPLE II FIRMWARE
1. System Monitor Commands
2. Control and Editing Characters
3. Special Controls and Features
4. Annotated Monitor and Dis-assembler Listing
5. Binary Floating Point Package
6. Sweet 16 Interpreter Listing
7. 6502 Op Codes
67
System Monitor Commands
Apple II contains a powerful machine level monitor for use by the advanced
programmer. To enter the monitor either press RESET button on keyboard or
CALL-151 (Hex FF65) from Basic. Apple II will respond with an "*" (asterisk)
prompt character on the TV display. This action will not kill current BASIC
program which may be re-entered by a C c (control C). NOTE: "adrs" is a
four digit hexidecimal number and "data" is a two digit hexidecimal number.
Remember to press "return" button at the end of each line.
Command Format Example
Description
Examine Memory
adrs *C0F2
adrsl.adrs2
(return)
adrs2
*1024.1048
* (return)
*.4096
Examines (displays) single memory
location of (adrs)
Examines (displays) range of memory
from (adrsl) thru (adrs2)
Examines (displays) next 8 memory
locations.
Examines (displays) memory from current
location through location (adrs2)
Change Memory
adrsrdata
data data
*A256:EF 20 43
:data data
data
*:F0 A2 12
Move Memory
adrsl<adrs2.
adrs3M
*100<B010.B410M
Verify Memory
adrsl<adrs2.
adrs3V
*100<B010.B410V
Deposits data into memory starting at
location (adrs).
Deposits data into memory starting
after (adrs) last used for deposits.
Copy the data now in the memory range
from (adrs2) to (adrs3) into memory
locations starting at (adrsl).
Verify that block of data in memory
range from (adrs2) to (adrs3) exactly
matches data block starting at memory
location (adrsl) and displays
differences if any.
68
Command Format Example
Description
Cassette I/O
adrsl.adrs2R
adrsl .adrs2W
*300.4FFR
*800.9FFW
Reads cassette data into specified
memory (adrs) range. Record length
must be same as memory range or an
error will occur.
Writes onto cassette data from speci
fied memory (adrs) range.
Display
I
N
*I
*N
Set inverse video
on white backgroun
Set normal video mode
on black background)
de. (Black characters
(White characters
Dis-assembler
adrsL
*C800L
Decodes 20 instructions starting at
memory (adrs) into 6502 assembly
nmenonic code.
Decodes next 20 instructions starting
at current memory address.
Mini -assembler
(Turn-on)
$(monitor
command)
adrs: (6502
MNEMONIC
instruction)
*F666G
$C800L
!C010:STA 23FF
Turns-on mini-assembler. Prompt
character
point).
is now a
(exclamation
Executes any monitor command from mini-
assembler then returns control to mini-
assembler. Note that many monitor
commands change current memory address
reference so that it is good practice
to retype desired address reference
upon return to mini-assembler.
Assembles a mnemonic 6502 instruction
into machine codes. If error, machine
will refuse instruction, sound bell,
and reprint line with up arrow under
error.
69
Command Format
(space) (6502
mnemonic
instruction)
(TURN-OFF)
Example
! STA JQ1FF
I (Reset Button)
Description
Assembles instruction into next
available memory location. (Note
space between "!" and instruction)
Exits mini-assembler and returns
to system monitor.
Monitor Program Execution and Debugging
adrsG
adrsT
adrsS
(Control E)
(Control Y)
*300G
*800T
*C050S
*rC
•y 1
Runs machine level program starting
at memory (adrs).
Traces a program starting at memory
location (adrs) and continues trace
until hitting a breakpoint. Break
occurs on instruction 00 (BRK), and
returns control to system monitor.
Opens 6502 status registers (see note 1)
Single steps through program beginning
at memory location (adrs). Type a
letter S for each additional step
that you want displayed. Opens 6502
status registers (see Note 1).
Displays 6502 status registers and
opens them for modification (see Note 1)
Executes user specified machine
language subroutine starting at
memory location (3F8).
Note 1:
6502 status registers are open if they are last line displayed on screen
To change them type ":" then "data" for each register.
Example: A = 3C X = FF Y = 00 P = 32 S = F2
*: FF Changes A register only
*:FF 00 33 Changes A, X, and Y registers
To change S register, you must first retype data for A, X, Y and P.
Hexidecimal Arithmetic
datal+data2
datal-data2
*78+34
*AE-34
Performs hexidecimal sum of datal
plus data2.
Performs hexidecimal difference of
datal minus data2.
70
Command Format
Example
Description
Set Input/Output Ports
(X) (Control P)
•5P 1
(X) (Control K) *2K l
Sets printer output to I/O slot
number (X). (see Note 2 below)
Sets keyboard input to I/O slot
number (X). (see Note 2 below)
Note 2:
Only slots 1 through 7 are addressable in this mode. Address (Ex: 0P C
or 0K C ) resets ports to internal video display and keyboard. These commands
will not work unless Apple II interfaces are plugged into specif iced I/O
slot.
Multiple Commands
*100L 400G AFFT
Multiple monitor commands may be
given on same line if separated by
a "space"
1LLL
Single letter commands may be
repeated without spaces.
71
SPECIAL CONTROL AND EDITING CHARACTERS
"Control" characters are indicated by a super-scripted "C" such as G . They
are obtained by holding down the CTRL key while typing the specified letter.
Control characters are NOT disolaved on the TV screen. B and C must be
followed by a carriage return. Screen editing characters are indicated by a
sub-scripted "E" such as Dp. They are obtained by pressing and releasing the
ESC key then typing specified letter. Edit characters send information only
to display screen and does not send data to memory. For example, U c moves to
cursor to right and copies text while A^ moves cursor to right but does not
copy text.
CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION OF ACTION
RESET key
Control B
Immediately interrupts any program execution and resets
computer. Also sets all text mode with scrolling window
at maximum. Control is transfered to System Monitor and
Apple prompts with a "*" (asterisk) and a bell. Hitting
RESET key does NOT destroy existing BASIC or machine
language program.
If in System Monitor (as indicated by a "*"), a control
B and a carriage return will transfer control to BASIC,
scratching (killing) any existing BASIC program and set
HIMEM: to maximum installed user memory and LOMEM:
to 2048.
Control C
Control G
Control H
Control J
Control V
Control X
If in BASIC, halts program and displays line number
where stop occurred*. Program may be continued with a
CON command. If in System Monitor, (as indicated by "*"),
control C and a carraige return will enter BASIC without
killing current program.
Sounds bell (beeps speaker)
Backspaces cursor and deletes any overwritten characters
from computer but not from screen. Apply supplied
keyboards have special key "<-" on right side of keyboard
that provides this functions without using control button.
Issues line feed only
r
Compliment to H . Forward spaces cursor and copies over
written characters. Apple keyboards have "-â–º" key on
right side which also performs this function.
Immediately deletes current line.
* If BASIC program is expecting keyboard input, you will have
to hit carriage return key after typing control C.
72
SPECIAL CONTROL AND EDITING CHARACTERS
(continued)
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION OF ACTION
A F Move cursor to right
B F Move cursor to left
C r Move cursor down
Dp Move cursor up
E F Clear text from cursor to end of line
F Clear text from cursor to end of page
@ r Home cursor to top of page, clear text to end
of page.
73
Special Controls and Features
Hex
BASIC Example
Display Mode Controls
C05O
C051
C052
C053
C054
10 POKE -16304,0
20 POKE -16303,0
30 POKE -16302,0
40 POKE -16301,0
50 POKE -16300,0
C055
C056
C057
60 POKE -16299,0
70 POKE -16298,0
80 POKE -16297,0
TEXT Mode
Controls
0020
90 POKE 32, LI
0021
100 POKE 33, Wl
0022
110 POKE 34, Tl
0023
120 POKE 35,81
0024
130 CH=PEEK(36)
140 POKE 36, CH
150 TAB(CH+1)
0025
160 CV=PEEK(37)
170 POKE 37, CV
180 VTAB(CV+1)
0032
190 POKE 50,127
200 POKE 50,255
FC58
210 CALL -936
FC42
220 CALL -958
Description
Set color graphics mode
Set text mode
Clear mixed graphics
Set mixed graphics (4 lines text)
Clear display Page 2 (BASIC commands
use Page 1 only)
Set display to Page 2 (alternate)
Clear HIRES graphics mode
Set HIRES graphics mode
Set left side of scrolling window
to location specified by LI in
range of to 39.
Set window width to amount specified
byWl. L1+W1<40. W1>0
Set window top to line specified
by Tl in range of to 23
Set window bottom to line specified
by Bl in the range of to 23. B1>T1
Read/set cusor horizontal position
in the range of to 39. If using
TAB, you must add "1" to cusor position
read value; Ex. 140 and 150 perform
identical function.
Similar to above. Read/set cusor
vertical position in the range to
23.
Set* inverse flag if 127 (Ex. 190)
Set normal flag if 255(Ex. 200)
(
